A framework for agricultural extension practices among farmers with disabilities in Ghana

Abstract

The main aim of this study was to develop a comprehensive framework for improving agricultural extension practices among farmers with disabilities (FWDs) in Ghana. To achieve this, specific objectives were set to analyse: demographic and socio-economic determinants of extension service contacts of FWDs, challenges faced by FWDs with key associated factors, determinants of farm income of FWDs, and agricultural extension mediations that could enhance agricultural practices among FWDs. The study is organised into six chapters, covering topics from introduction to conclusions and recommendations. Data were collected in 2022 from all 16 regions of Ghana using a questionnaire administered to a randomly selected sample of 386 FWDs and 62 Agricultural Extension Officers (AEOs) who work directly with FWDs, and analysed using statistical software such as SPSS, STATA, and Excel. Analyses included descriptive statistics and inferential/regression analyses. The Fractional Outcome Regression Model analysed the determinants of FWDs’ access to agricultural extension services per year. A Multiple Linear Regression Model assessed the influence of agricultural extension practices/services and other socio-economic/demographic factors on the farm income of FWDs. Factors associated with the six essential challenges faced by FWDs were assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Key findings indicated that most FWDs were male (68.7%), 43% had no formal education, and varied types of disabilities were present, with physical disability being the most predominant. Several challenges were identified, including discrimination, feelings of inferiority, and lack of tailored programs for FWDs. The Fractional Outcome Model identified major determinants influencing FWDs’ access to extension services as age, participation in Farmer-Based Organizations (FBOs), and years of farming experience. The Multiple Linear Regression analysis found that participation in non-farm activities, land size, the proportion of inputs purchased, and the proportion of products sold were crucial determinants of FWDs' annual farm income. Correlation analyses showed significant associations between various challenges faced by FWDs and several factors. For instance, poor building design was correlated with factors such as the source of disability and number of household dependents, while discrimination against FWDs correlated with gender and household headship, among others. The study identified several effective agricultural extension mediations, including home visits, provision of tools, and supply of farm inputs, which were positively perceived by FWDs. A cohesive and actionable framework was developed for FWDs in Ghana, emphasizing social inclusion, economic empowerment, and personalized interventions. This framework advocates for inclusive policies addressing anti-discrimination and equitable resource access, informed by demographic variables such as age, FBO membership, and farming experience. It underscores the need for capacity building of AEAs, focusing on disability awareness and gender-sensitive communication, and recommends community engagement programs to reduce stigma and foster cooperation among FWDs, AEAs, and local communities. The study also calls for investment in adaptive farming technologies and the implementation of a robust monitoring and evaluation system to continuously refine these interventions. International collaboration is encouraged to facilitate knowledge exchange and best practices, while establishing sustainable funding mechanisms, including grants and microfinance, tailored to FWDs' needs. These multifaceted recommendations aim to integrate FWDs into the national agricultural development strategy, enhancing the sector's inclusivity, effectiveness, and resilience.