A review of the application of South African regulations on aquatic invasive alien species

Abstract

Aquatic invasive alien species (IAS) are rapidly colonizing freshwater and marine ecosystems globally, disrupting ecological balance and posing a threat to biodiversity and economic well-being (Dalhu, 2023). This study investigates the role of the pet trade in introducing IAS in South Africa. Fueled by globalization and a growing interest in alien flora, numerous alien plant species have become established, with some progressing to invasive status (Genovesi et al., 2008). The pet trade is regarded as a major pathway for introducing harmful aquatic IAS into South African waters. Unintentional releases, escape during transport, and contaminated plants/equipment can all introduce invasive species. Regulations like NEM:BA are crucial to protect South Africa's unique biodiversity, economic interests, and public health by controlling the import and trade of these IAS. However, gaps in knowledge among traders and potential inconsistencies in monitoring highlight the need for both stricter enforcement and educational outreach programs to effectively combat this threat. In this study, the regulations set forth by the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (NEM:BA) 10 of 2004 to manage IAS trade are examined to produce a comprehensive literature review on trade of aquatic IAS and the habitat destruction caused by these aquatic IAS. To achieve this aim; a mix of questionnaire and onsite visits to pet shops, aquarium and nurseries around Johannesburg and interviews with IAS practitioners in South Africa were conducted. The results indicated that the trade of the prohibited IAS in terms of section 67(1) i.e. IAS belonging to category 1a and Category 1b species in terms of NEM:BA Act of 2004 is still ongoing hence key recommendations have been provided for all stakeholders to prevent the further increase of trade of IAS. Ultimately, the trade of IAS can be curtailed by following legislation that has been set out. But wider impact can be made by bringing greater environmental awareness to buyers and sellers of these IAS through educational outreach programs.