Rabies in Makhuduthamaga local municipality, Limpopo province, South Africa: Knowledge, attitude, and practises

Abstract

Background: Although rabies in humans remains a major public health problem, the disease is preventable through canine vaccination and appropriate post-bite treatment. Several countries have successfully eradicated the disease by implementing mass vaccination programmes. The objectives of the study were to assess the knowledge, attitudes, practices, vaccination coverage, and factors associated with rabies vaccination coverage among selected households in Makhuduthamaga municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between May-June 2019 using structured interviewer questionnaires. A two-stage random sampling process was used to select first the geographical area (main places; n=17), followed by individual households (n=476). Invitation to participate in the study was extended to household heads (male or female) or, in their absence, any member of the household ≥ 18 years of age and living in the household. Only one person was interviewed per household. Descriptive statistics such as mean, frequencies, percent, standard deviation, and chi-square test were used to assess the knowledge, attitudes, practices, and vaccination coverage among the respondents in the study. The Binary Logistic Regression Model was used to analyse factors that were significantly associated with vaccination among pet owners. Statistical significance was assessed at p-value ≤ 0.05. Results: Most of the respondents (58%) did not know what rabies is and only 5% of respondents said they would cleanse the wound before seeking medical assistance after being bitten by a dog. Overall, only 16% indicated that they had vaccinated their pets (dogs/cats) against rabies but none of the respondents (0%) had a vaccination card. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the proportion of respondents with vaccinated pets by “main place”, with Maololo having the highest number (83%) of respondents who indicated that their pets had been vaccinated against rabies, with six (n=6) main places having no respondents who indicated that their pets had been vaccinated against rabies. From the logistic regression analyses, the covariates, exposure to rabies prevention messages and knowledge about rabies were found to be strong predictors of pet vaccination. Conclusion: While vaccination of pets against rabies in South Africa is mandated by law, the vaccination coverage in the study area of 16% was below the 70% recommended by the World Health Organization and needed to prevent rabies outbreaks. From one health point of view, these findings are of significant public health concern. Adequate attention should be given to the identified predictors of pet vaccination to ensure increased coverage and provision of municipal rabies programs to Makhuduthamaga residents

Agtergrond: Ofskoon hondsdolheid in mense steeds ’n reuse openbare gesondheidsuitdaging is, is die siekte voorkombaar deur honde in te ent en gepaste behandeling te verskaf onmiddellik na die persoon gebyt is. Etlike lande het die siekte suksesvol uitgeroei deurdat hulle massa inentingsprogramme van stapel gestuur het. Die doelwitte van hierdie studie was om die kennis, houdings, praktyke, strekwydte van inentings sowel as die faktore wat met die strekwydte van hondsdolheidinenting onder geselekteerde huishoudings in die Makhuduthamaga-munisipaliteit, Limpopo Provinsie, Suid-Afrika geassosieer word, te evalueer. Metodes ’n Deursneestudie is tussen Mei en Junie 2019 onderneem deur middel van gestruktureerde vraelyste wat deur ’n vraesteller afgeneem is. ’n Tweefase ewekansige steekproefproses is gebruik om allereers die geografiese gebied (hoofplekke; n=17) gevolg deur individuele huishoudings (n=476) te selekteer. ’n Uitnodiging om deel te neem is aan die hoofde van huishoudings uitgereik (manlik of vroulik) of, in hul afwesigheid, aan enige lid van die huishouding wat ≥ 18 jaar is en deel is van die huishouding. Onderhoude is met slegs een persoon per huishouding gevoer. Deskriptiewe statistiek soos gemiddelde, frekwensies, persentasie, standaardafwyking en chi-vierkanttoets is gebruik om die kennis, houdings, praktyke en inentingstrekwydte van die respondente in die studie te evalueer. Die Binêre Logistieke Regressie-model is ingespan om faktore te analiseer wat beduidend met inenting onder troeteldiereienaars geassosieer word. Statistiese beduidenheid is op p-waarde ≤ 0.05 persent beraam. Resultate: Die meeste van die respondente (58%) het nie geweet wat hondsdolheid is nie en slegs 5% van die respondente het genoem dat indien ’n hond hulle sou byt, hulle eers die wond sal ontsmet en daarna vir mediese hulp sal gaan. Oor die algemeen het slegs 16% aangedui dat hulle hul troeteldiere (honde en katte) teen hondsdolheid laat inent het, maar nie een van die respondente (0%) het ’n inentingskaart gehad nie. Daar was ’n beduidende verskil (p<0.05) in die proporsie respondente onder “hoofplek” met troeteldiere wat ingeënt is. Maololo het die grootste aantal (83%) respondente met ingeënte troeteldiere; daar is egter ses (n=6) hoofplekke wat hoegenaamd geen respondente gehad het wat aangedui het dat hulle troeteldiere teen hondsdolheid ingeënt is nie. Uit die logistieke regressie ontleding is bevind dat die kovariate, naamlik blootstelling aan boodskappe oor die voorkoming van hondsdolheid, en kennis oor hondsdolheid sterk voorspellers van troeteldierinenting is. Gevolgtrekking: Hoewel die inenting van troeteldiere teen hondsdolheid in Suid-Afrika ’n wetlike vereiste is, is die strekwydte van inenting in die studiegebied (16%) baie laag. Die Wêreld Gesondheidsorganisasie se aanbevole inentingspersentasie vir die voorkoming van hondsdolheid is 70% en aangesien die persentasie vir die studiegebied so laag (16%) is, dui die bevindinge vanuit hierdie oogpunt op ’n opmerklike openbare gesondheidsgevaar. Voldoende aandag moet aan die geïdentifiseerde voorspellers van troeteldierinenting geskenk word (blootstelling aan boodskappe oor hondsdolheid en kennis oor hondsdolheid) om toenemende dekking en voorsiening van munisipale hondsdolheidprogramme aan die inwoners van Makhuduthamaga te verseker

Bomorago: Le ge e le gore bolwetsi bja marabe mo bathong bo sa dutse e le bothata bjo bogolo bja maphelo a setshaba, bolwetsi bo ka thibelwa ka go entela dimpsa le kalafo ya maleba ya ka morago ga ge motho a lomilwe ke mpsa. Dinaga tse mmalwa di fedisitse bolwetsi bjo ka katlego ka go tsenya tirisong mananeo a go entela ka bontsi. Maikemisetso a nyakisiso ye e be e le go sekaseka tsebo, maikutlo, mekgwa, kakaretso ya moento le mabaka ao a amanago le kakaretso ya moento go entela bolwetsi bja marabe gare ga malapa ao a kgethilwego ka mmasepaleng wa Makhuduthamaga, Profenseng ya Limpopo, Afrika Borwa. Mekgwa: Nyakisiso ya kakaretso ya makala e dirilwe gare ga Mei-June 2019 ka go somisa dipoledisano tse di rulagantswego. Tshepetso ya go tsea mehlala ka go se kgethe ya magato a mabedi e somisitswe go kgetha pele tikologo (mafelo a magolo; n = 17) yeo e latetswego ke malapa ka le tee ka le tee (n = 476). Taletso ya go tsea karolo nyakisisong e katoloseditswe go dihlogo tsa malapa (banna goba basadi) goba, ge di se gona, lelokong lefe goba lefe la lapa la mengwaga ye ≥ 18 ebile le dula ka lapeng. Go boledisanwe le motho o tee fela ka lapeng. Dipalopalo tse di hlalosago tsa go swana le tsa bogare, difrikhwentshi, phesente, phapogo ya maemo le teko ya chi-square di somisitswe go sekaseka tsebo, maikutlo le mekgwa le kakaretso ya moento gare ga bakgathatema mo nyakisisong. Mohlala wa Binary Logistic Regression o somisitswe go sekaseka mabaka ao a bego a amana kudu le go entela gare ga beng ba diruiwaratwa. Bohlokwa bja dipalopalo bo ile bja hlahlobja ka p-boleng ≤ 0.05 Dipoelo: Bontsi bja bakgathatema (58%) ba be ba sa tsebe gore bolwetsi bja marabe ke eng gomme bakgathema ba 5% fela ba boletse gore ba tla hlwekisa ntho pele ba eya go nyaka thuso ya kalafo ka morago ga go longwa ke mpsa. Ka kakaretso, ke 16% fela yeo e laeditsego gore ba entetse diruiwaratwa tsa bona (dimpsa/dikatse) kgahlanong le bolwetsi bja marabe eupsa ga go le o tee wa bakgathatema (0%) yo a nago le karata ya moento. Go bile le phapano ye kgolo (p <0.05) ka karolong ya bakgathatema bao ba nago le diruiwaratwa tse di entetswego ka ‘lefelo le legolo’, moo Maololo e nago le palo ya godimodimo (83%) ya bakgathatema bao ba nago le diruiwaratwa tse di entilwego, eupsa mafelo a magolo a tshela (n=6) ao a bontshitsego gore ga go na bakgathatema bao ba bontshitsego gore diruiwaratwa tsa bona di entetswe kgahlanong le bolwetsi bja marabe. Go tswa go ditshekatsheko tsa logistic regression, khobariyeite, phihlelelo ya melaetsa ya thibelo ya bolwetsi bja marabe le tsebo ka ga bolwetsi bja marabe di hweditswe gore ke diponelapele tse maatla tsa moento wa diruiwaratwa. Mafelelo: Le ge go entela diruiwaratwa kgahlanong le bolwetsi bja marabe ka Afrika Borwa go dumeletswe ke molao, kakaretso ya moento (16%) mo lekaleng la nyakisiso e be e le fase. Ka ge e le ka fase ga 70% yeo e sisinywago ke Mokgatlo wa Lefase wa Maphelo yeo e nyakegago go laeditswego tsa moento wa diruiwaratwa (Phihlelelo ya melaetsa ya bolwetsi bja marabe le tsebo ka ga bolwetsi bja marabe) go kgonthisa kakaretso ye e oketsegilego le kabo ya mananeo a masepala a bolwetsi bja marabe go badudi ba Makhuduthamaga.thibela go phulega ga bolwetsi bja marabe, go tswa go ntlha e tee ya maphelo, dikutullo tse ke hlobaelo ye kgolo go maphelo a setshaba. Tlhokomelo ye e lekanego e swanetse go fiwa diponelapele tse maatla tse di laeditswego tsa moento wa diruiwaratwa (Phihlelelo ya melaetsa ya bolwetsi bja marabe le tsebo ka ga bolwetsi bja marabe) go kgonthisa kakaretso ye e oketsegilego le kabo ya mananeo a masepala a bolwetsi bja marabe go badudi ba Makhuduthamaga