Efficacy evaluation of selected soil applied herbicides on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) seedlings under thermoperiods simulating Mutale magisterial area

Abstract

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Moench is an essential vegetable globally, but in the past decade, a reduction in yield per hectare has been noted. Amongst various reasons for its low yield, weeds are the most important. These weeds reduce crop growth by competing for resources and by allelopathic effects. In this research, we investigated the influence of pendimethalin and alachlor on the plant height, leaf length, leaf width, stem diameter, number of leaves, root length and root diameter of okra plants. The results reveal that pendimethalin was found to exert an influence on the plant height of okra; okra treated with pendimethalin grew faster than that treated with alachlor. With pendimethalin, a gradual increase was recorded in the leaf length, leaf width, stem diameter and number of leaves. A significant influence of alachlor was observed on the plant height, leaf width and stem diameter in okra plants as the measured parameters were high. In summary, the stem diameter of okra treated with pendimethalin at rate 5 and the leaf width were positively increased to 253% at week 4. It is concluded that the use of pendimethalin and alachlor soil-applied herbicides will enhance production and farmers’ livelihood in the Mutale district involving mainly okra plants. In this research, we also investigated the influence of metolachlor and trifluralin on the agronomic parameters of okra plants. The results show that the herbicide metolachlor had an impact on okra plant height compared to okra plants treated with trifluralin. Trifluralin recorded a gradual increase in leaf length.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Moench ke morogo wo bohlokwa lefaseng ka bophara, eupsa mo mengwageng ye lesome ye e fetilego, go lemogilwe gore mo go hekethara ye nngwe le ye nngwe puno e fokotsegile. Gare ga mabaka a go fapafapana a puno ya fase ya okra, dikoro le lengwe la mabaka a magolo a go hlola se. Dikoro tse di fokotsa kgolo ya dibjalo ka go bakisana methopo le dikhuetso tsa alelophati. Mo nyakisisong ye, re nyakisisitse khuetso ya pendimethalin le alachlor go botelele bja sebjalo, botelele bja matlakala, bophara bja matlakala, bophara bja kutu, palo ya matlakala, botelele bja medu le bophara bja medu bja dibjalo tsa okra. Dipoelo di utolla gore pendimethalin e hweditswe e na le khuetso go botelele bja sebjalo sa okra; okra yeo e bego e hlokomelwa ka pendimethalin e gotse ka lebelo go feta yeo e hlokometswego ka alachlor. Ka pendimethalin, go begilwe koketsego ye e nanyago go botelele bja matlakala, bophara bja matlakala, bophara bja kutu le palo ya matlakala. Khuetso ye bohlokwa ya alachlor e lemogilwe go botelele bja sebjalo, bophara bja matlakala le bophara bja kutu ka dibjalong tsa okra ka ge magomo a a metilwego a be a le godimo. Ka boripana, bophara bja kutu ya okra ye e hlokometswego ka pendimethalin ya kelo ya 5 le bophara bja matlakala di okeditswe gabotse go fihla go 253% ka beke ya 4. Go phethilwe ka gore tshomiso ya dibolayasekoro tse di tsenywago mmung tsa pendimethalin le alachlor e tla oketsa tsweletso le letseno la balemi ka seleteng sa Mutale seo se akaretsago kudu dibjalo tsa okra. Mo nyakisisong ye, re nyakisisitse gape khuetso ya metolachlor le trifluralin go magomo a temo ya dibjalo tsa okra. Dipoelo di bontsha gore sebolayasekoro sa metolachlor se bile le khuetso go botelele bja sebjalo sa okra ge se bapetswa le dibjalo tsa okra tseo di hlokometswego ka trifluralin. Trifluralin e laeditse koketsego ye e nanyago ya botelele bja matlakala.

Mandane (Okra Moench) (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) ndi muroho wa wa ndeme kha lifhasi. Fhedzi kha minwaha yo fhiraho, ho thoma u vhonala u fhungudzea kha khano yawo nga hekithara. Zwinwe zwa zwiitisi zwa u vha na khano i re fhasi zwo fhambanaho, ho vha tshene. Tshene i thivhela nyaluwo nga u la zwiliwa na ngauri ndizwimela zwine zwa vha na mulimo. Kha thodisiso iyi, ri khou da u todulusa thuthuwedzo ya tshumiso ya mushonga wa pendimethalin na alachlor u itela uri tshimela tshi aluwe, vhulapfu ha matari, vhuphara ha matari, vhudenya ha tsinde, tshivhalo tsha matari, vhulapfu ha midzi na vhudenya ha midzi kha zwimela zwa mandande. Mvelelo dzo sumbedza uri mushonga wa pendimethalin wo vha wone u tutuwedzaho nyaluwo kha vhulapfu ha tshimela tsha mandande; arali vha tshi khou shumisa pendimethalin kha tshimela tsha mandande tshi hula nga u tavhanya u fhira arali vha tshi khou shumisa mushonga wa alachlor. Musi hu tshi khou shumiswa mushonga wa pendimethalin, ho vhonala nyaluwo kha vhulapfu ha matari, vhudenya ha tsinde na tshivhalo tsha matari. Ho vhonala na thuthuwedzo i khulwane ya musi hu tshi khou shumiswa mushonga wa alachlor kha vhulapfu ha tshimela na vhuphara ha matari na vhudenya ha tsinde kha zwimela zwa muroho wa mandande ngauri tshikhala tsha mikano yo elwaho tsho vha tshi ntha. Nga u pfufhifhadza, vhudenya ha tsinde la mandande lo shelwaho pendimethalin tshi kha phimo ya 5 na vhuphara ha tari zwo aluwa u swika kha 253% nga vhege ya vhu 4. Ho khunyeledzwa uri u shumisa mushonga wa pendimethalin na alachlor kha mavu zwi do engedzedza mbuelo ya khano kha vhalimi vhane vha lima mandande kha tshitiriki tsha Mutale. Kha thodisiso iyi ro do vha ra todulusa thuthuwedzo ya mushonga wa metolachlor na trifluralin kha saintsi ya zwa zwimela kha mikano ya tshikhala vhukati ha zwimela zwa okra. Mvelelo dzo sumbedza uri mushonga wa metolachlor u na thuthuwedzo khulwane kha vhulapfu ha tshimela tsha okra zwi tshi vhambedzwa na tshimela tsha okra tsho shumiselwaho trifluralin. Trifluralin yo sumbedza u shuma kha nyaluwo kha vhulapfu ha tari.