An assessment of recapitalising a post-settlement support programme in South Africa : the case of Gert Sibande and Ehlanzeni, Mpumalanga

Abstract

Attempts to redress the dispossession of native South Africans from their land by colonialists have had many setbacks mainly as a result of inadequate post-settlement support to beneficiary farmers. Despite the implementation of various land reform programmes since 1994 as instruments for addressing land injustice, promoting land utilisation, and combating other land-related problems, there is compelling evidence of land inequality, rising poverty levels, land agitation and farm battles. Given the importance of post-settlement support and the crucial role of land reform in the South African economy, the research objective was to use the human security theoretical standpoint to critically examine the implementation of the Recapitalisation and Development Programme (RADP, also known as RECAP) introduced in 2009 through the lived experiences of beneficiaries in Gert Sibande and Ehlanzeni in the Mpumalanga province. The qualitative study was carried out via telephone interviews with thirty participants selected through purposive and snowball sampling techniques. The findings indicate that the RADP has empowered beneficiary farmers to become independent; however, the objective to transform them into commercial farmers is still a work-in-progress. The findings highlight the importance of the programme in addressing challenges such as inadequate funding, lack of coordination among stakeholders and insufficient technical expertise, coupled with the need for constant monitoring and evaluation. The persistent problems with the unsuccessful implementation of land reform projects are partly due to an entitlement mentality on the part of the farmers and negligence on the part of the government. This has had negative impacts on the transformation of both the farmers and the agricultural sector. Furthermore, injecting income into each new land reform programme without changing the mindsets of farmers is futile. The thesis concludes that it is vital for the government to invest more efforts into achieving its objectives, as the RADP can provide the necessary resources and support to help beneficiaries make their land productive and improve their livelihoods.

Miringeto ya ku lulamisa ku tekeriwa misava ya vona ka Maafrika-Dzongaxidzi hi vakoloni yi vile na swiphiqo swo tala ngopfungopfu hikwalaho ka nseketelo wa le ndzhaku ka ku hakeriwa wo ka wu nga enelangi eka van’wamapurasi va vavuyeriwa. Hambileswi ku veke na ku simekiwa ka minongoloko ya mpfuxeto wa misava yo hambanahambana kusukela hi 1994 tanihi switirho swa ku tirhana na nkavululami wa misava, ku kondletela ntirhiso wa misava na ku hungutiwa ka swiphiqo leswi fambelanaka na misava, ku na vumbhoni byo khorwisa bya nkandzingano wa misava, tilevhele ta vusweti leti tlakukaka, nkantshamiseko wa misava na tinyimpi ta mapurasi. Loko ku tekeriwa enhlokweni nseketelo wa le ndzhaku ka ku hakeriwa na xiave xa nkoka swonghasi xa mpfuxeto wa misava eka ikhonomi ya Afrika-Dzonga, xikongomelo xa ndzavisiso a ku ri ku tirhisa xiyimo xa xithiyori ya nhlayiseko wa vanhu ku kambela hi ndlela ya vukhensivusoli nsimeko wa Nongoloko wa ku Nyika Timali hi Vuntshwa na Nhluvukiso (RADP, lowu tlhelaka wu tiveka tanihi RECAP) lowu tivisiweke hi 2009 hi ku tirhisa mitokoto leyi hanyiweke ya vavuyeriwa eGert Sibande na Ehlanzeni eka xifundzakulu xa Mpumalanga. Ndzavisiso wa risima wu endlwile hi ku tirhisa tiinthavhiyu ta tiqingho na 30 wa vatekaxiave lava hlawuriweke hi ku tirhisa tithekiniki ta masampulelo ya xikongomelo na yo landzelerisa lava bumabumeriweke. Swikumiwa swi komba leswaku RADP yi havexerisile matimba van'wamapurasi va vavuyeriwa ku va va va lava tiyimelaka; hambiswiritano, xikongomelo xa ku va cinca va va van'wamapurasi va xibindzu ka ha ri ntirho lowu yaka emahlweni. Swikumiwa swi kombisa nkoka wa nongoloko lowu eka ku tirhana na mitlhontlho yo tanihi ku nyikiwa ka timali loku nga enelangiki, mpfumaleko wa ntirhisano exikarhi ka vakhomaxiave na vutivikulu bya xithekiniki, swi katsana na xidingo xa ku vuvekatihlo bya nkarhi hinkwawo na nkambelo. Swiphiqo leswi phikelelaka hi nsimeko lowu nga humeleriki wa tiphurojeke ta mpfuxeto wa misava hi xiphemu swi hikwalaho ka miehleketo yo tivula ku va va ri na mfanelo eka xiphemu xa van'wamapurasi na vusopfa eka xiphemu xa mfumo. Leswi swi vile na mikhumbo yo homboloka eka ncinco wa havumbirhi bya van'wamapurasi na sekitara ya vurimi. Ku yisa emahlweni, ku nyika malinghena eka nongoloko wa mpfuxeto wa xviii misava lowuntshwa ku ri hava ku cinca ka maehleketelelo ya van'wamapurasi a swi na mbuyelo. Thesisi leyi yi na mahetelelo ya leswaku i swa nkoka swonghasi eka mfumo ku vekisa matshalatshala yo tala eka ku fikelela swikongomelo swa wona, tanihileswi RADP yi nga nyikaka swipfuno leswi lavekaka swonghasi na nseketelo ku pfuna vavuyeriwa ku endla misava ya vona yi humesa ntshovelo na ku antswisa vutihanyisi bya vona.

Ndingedzo dza u lulamisa u pfuluswa ha vhadzulapo vha Afrika Tshipembe kha mavu avho nga vhakoloni dzo vha na zwithithisi zwinzhi zwo bveledzwaho nga u sa vha na thikhedzo yo eḓanaho nga murahu ha u tendelana kha vha vhuelwa vha vhorabulasi. Nga nnḓani ha ha u shumiswa ha mbekanyamushumo dzo fhambanaho dza mbuedzedzo ya mavu u bva 1994 sa tshishumiswa tsha u lulamisa u sa lingana ha mavu, u ṱuṱuwedza u shumiswa ha mavu na u lwa na dziṅwe thaidzo dzi elanaho na mavu, hu na vhuṱanzi vhune ha khou kombetshedza u sa lingana ha mavu, u gonya ha ḽeveḽe ya vhushai, khakhathi dza zwa mavu na na nndwa dza bulasini. Ho ṋetshedzwa ndeme ya thikhedzo ya nga murahu ha u tendelana na mushumo muhulwane wa mbuedzedzo ya mavu kha ikonomi ya AfrikaTshipembe, tshipikwa tsha ṱhoḓisiso ho vha u shumisa vhuimo ha thiori ya tsireledzo ya muthu u ṱola ndeme ya kushumisela kwa Mbekanyamushumo ya Nyengedzedzo ya khephithala na Mveledziso (RADP, i dovha ya ḓivhea nga u pfi RECAP) yo ḓivhadzwaho nga 2009 nga kha tshenzhemo ire hone ya vhavhuelwa ngei Gert Sibande na Ehlanzeni ngei vunduni ḽa Mpumalanga. Ngudo ya khwaḽithathethivi yo itwa nga kha inthaviwu ya luṱingo na vhadzheneli vha 30 vho nangwaho nga kha thekhiniki ya tsumbonanguludzwa hu na zwo sedzwaho khazwo na u livhiswa nga muṅwe mudzheneli. Mawanwa a sumbedza uri RADP yo maanḓafhadza vhorabulasi vha vha vhuelwa u swika hune vha ḓiimisa nga vhoṱhe, naho zwo ralo, tshipikwa tsha u vha shandukisa u vha vhorabulasi vha mbambadzo u kha ḓi vha mushumo u re kati. Mawanwa o ombedzela ndeme ya mbekanyamushumo kha u amba nga ha khaedu dzi ngaho sa ṱhahelelo ya ndambedzo, u sa vha na tshumisano vhukati ha vhadzhiamukovhe na ṱhahelelo ya vhomakone vha zwa thekiniki, zwo ṱangana na ṱhoḓea ya u dzulela u ṱola na u linga. Thaidzo ine ya khou bvela phanḓa na u sa bvela phanḓa ha u shumiswa ha thandela dza mbuedzedzo ya mavu zwi khou vha hone nga nṱhani ha kuhumbulele kwa vhuṋe kha tshipiḓa tsha vhorabulasi na u litshedzela kha tshipiḓa tsha muvhuso. Hezwi zwi na masiandaitwa a si a vhuḓi kha tshanduko ya vhuvhili havho vhorabulasi na sekithara ya vhulimi. U i sa phanḓa, u ḓadzisa mbuelo kha mbekanyamushumo iṅwe na iṅwe ntswa ya mbuedzedzo ya mavu hu si na u shandukisa kuhumbulele kwa vhorabulasi ndi ḽifhedzi. Thesisi yo pendela xx ngauri ndi zwa ndeme kha muvhuso u bindudza hunzhi kha u swikelela zwipikwa zwawo, sa musi RADP i tshi kona u ṋetshedza zwiko zwo teaho na thikhedzo u thusa vhavhuelwa uri mavu avho a bveledziswe na u khwinisa matshilo avho.