The role of leadership in change management in South African state-owned enterprises

Abstract

Since the economic breakdown in 2008, the world's business environment has been turbulent. This disintegration occurred in the sectors of agriculture, manufacturing, mining and state-owned enterprises (SOEs). This resulted in a radical change in most private and public organisations. SOEs were significantly affected by these environmental business upheavals due to being state-owned. However, rigidity and bureaucracy in the SOE business environment, make the change process to be difficult to operate. The study intended to determine the role of leadership in change management in South African SOEs. Furthermore, leaders are the catalyst for change in organisations, and employees depend on them. Consequently, without the presence of a leader, effective organisational change management is impossible. Additionally, the leadership literature revealed that a leader's effectiveness is evident in organisations when they relate well to employees; however, capabilities, competencies, and leadership principles must be considered. The study followed a mixed method approach using quantitative (questionnaire) and qualitative (interview) methods to determine the role of leadership in change management in the four SOEs: Transnet, Armscor, DBSA, and Safcol. The quantitative phase had 120 participants at the operational level, and participants were not leading change but were participating at a functional level of change. The qualitative phase comprised of eight interviewed participants representing these four SOEs because they worked as management leaders of change. Data analysis was subsequently done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for the quantitative phase, namely: frequency distribution, exploration factor analysis, Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity and Kaiser Meyer Olkin rotated component matrix, reliability of constructs, analysis of variance (ANOVA), validity, correlation, regression, multiple regression, and structural modelling equation for the study. Content analysis was used for the qualitative phase, and which contained questions on communication for change, engagement to change, key messages simplified and visualised, making change stay uppermost, skills transfer, structures to collaborate first when change starts, leadership role during change, skills processed by the leader, expectations from the specific organisation, timeframe, and planning cycle. The study results showed that the characteristics of the leaders are significant for managing change in South African state-owned enterprises. Furthermore, the results showed that change implementation and success were positively related to the change process. Therefore, the leadership and organisational change management model for SOEs as proposed in the study will ensure that change management is successfully implemented. Using this model, SOEs would become feasible, experienced, and successful in organisational change management.

Go tloga mola go bago le phuhlamo ya ikonomi ka 2008, tikologo ya kgwebo ya lefase e be e na le mathata. Phuhlamo ye e diregile ka makaleng a temo, tšweletšo, meepo le dikgwebo tša mmušo (diSOE). Se se feleleditše ka phetogo ye kgolo go bontši bja mekgatlo ya poraebete le ya mmušo. DiSOE di amilwe kudu ke mathata a a kgwebo ya tikologo ka lebaka la go ba makala a mmušo. Le ge go le bjalo, go se fetoge le pušo le tšona di tshwentše tikologo ya SOE, gomme phetogo e bile boima go šogana le yona. Ka lebaka la ditšhitišo tše, maikemišetšo a nyakišišo ye e be e le go laetša mošomo wa baetapele taolong ya phetogo ka kgwebong ya mmušo ya Afrika Borwa. Go feta fao, baetapele ke bahlohleletši ba phetogo ka mekgatlong, gomme bašomi ba ithekgile ka bona. Ka fao, ntle le go ba gona ga moetapele, taolo ya phetogo ye e šomago gabotse ga e kgonege. Go tlaleletša, dingwalo tša boetapele di utolotše gore go šoma gabotse ga moetapele go bonagala ka mekgatlong ge e amana gabotse le bašomi; le ge go le bjalo, mabokgoni le melawana ya boetapele di swanetše go elwa hloko. Nyakišišo e latetše tsela ya mokgwa wo o hlakantšwego ka go šomiša mekgwa ya khwanthithethifi (lenaneopotšišo) le khwalithethifi (poledišano) go laetša mošomo wa boetapele taolong ya phetogo ka gare ga diSOE tše nne: Transnet, Amsco, DBSA le Safcol. Kgato ya khwanthithethifi e bile le bakgathatema ba 120 maemong a tshepedišo (go e ra gore bakgathatema ba be ba sa ete pele phetogo eupša ba be ba kgathatema maemong a mošomo a phetogo) bao ba arabilego lenaneopotšišo. Kgato ya khwalithethifi e bes e na le bakgathatema ba seswai ba go emela diSOE tše tše nne ka gobane ba šomile bjalo ka baetapele (baetapele ba taolo) ba phetogo. Ka morago tlhahlobo ya datha e dirilwe ka go šomiša SPSS bakeng sa kgato ya khwanthithethifi (kabo ya boati, tshekatsheko ya mabaka a nyakišišo, teko ya Bartlett ya Sphericity le Kaiser Meyer Olkin (KMO), motheo wa karolo ye e fetotšwego, tshepagalo ya dipopego, dipalopalo tše di hlalošago, nepagalo, kgokagano, kelo ya kamano, go kelo ya kamano ya bontši le tekano ya go mmotlolo wa sebopego ya nyakišišo gomme ATLAS.ti e šomišeditšwe kgato ya khwakithethifi (kgokagano ya phetogo, go lemoga phetogo, melaetša ya bohlokwa ye e nolofaditšwego le go bonwa ka leihlokgopolo, go dira gore phetogo e dule e le ka godimo, phetišetšo ya bokgoni, dibopego tša go dirišana pele ge phetogo e thoma, mošomo wa boetapele nakong ya phetogo, mabokgoni ao a šongwago ke moetapele, ditebelelo go tšwa mokgatlong, nako le saekele ya peakanyo). Dipoelo tša nyakišišo di bontšhitše gore dimelo tša baetapele di bohlokwa go laola phetogo ka dikgwebong tša mmušo tša Afrika Borwa. Go feta fao, dipoelo di bontšhitše gore phethagatšo ya phetogo le katlego di be di amana gabotse le tshepedišo ya phetogo. Ka fao, mohlala wa boetapele le taolo ya phetogo ya mokgatlo wa diSOE bjalo ka ge o hlomilwe mo nyakišišong o tla netefatša gore taolo ya phetogo e phethagatšwa ka katlego. Ka go šomiša mohlala wo, dikgwebo tšeo di laolwago ke mmušo di be di tla kgona go šoma le go ba le maitemogelo a katlego phetogong ya mokgatlo, go swana le gore ga di sa wela ka fase ga 70% ya mekgatlo yeo e palelwago ke taolo ya phetogo.

U bva ha u wa ha ikonomi nga 2008, vhupo ha vhubindudzi ha ḽifhasi ho vha hu khakhathini. U wa uhu ho bvelela kha sekithara dza vhulimi, vhubveledzi, migodi na zwiimiswa zwine zwa langulwa nga muvhuso (SOEs). Hezwi zwo bveledza tshanduko khulwane kha sekithara nnzhi dza phuraivethe na zwiimiswa zwa muvhuso. Dzi SOE dzo kwamea nga maanḓa nga u thithisea uhu vhuponi ha mabindu nga u langulwa nga muvhuso. Naho zwo ralo, u thengathenga na ndaulo kha vhupo ha vhubindudzi ha SOE, zwo ita uri kuitele kwa tshanduko kuvhe ku konḓaho u ku shumisa. Ngudo yo itelwa u ta, mushumo wa vhurangaphanḓa kha ndangulo ya tshanduko kha dzi SOE dza Afrika Tshipembe. U isa phanḓa ngaurali, vharangaphanḓa ndi vhaṱuṱuwedzi vha tshanduko kha zwiimiswa, vhashumi vha ḓitika ngavho. Nga zwenezwo, u sa vha na murangaphanḓa, ndangulo ya tshanduko yo teaho kha tshiimiswa a i konadzei. U ḓadzisa kha zwenezwo, maṅwalwa a vhurangaphanḓa a dzumbulula uri vhukoni ha murangaphanḓa ndi vhuṱanzi kha zwiimiswa musi vha na vhushaka havhuḓi na vhashumi, naho zwo ralo, maanḓa, vhukoni, na milayo ya vhurangaphanḓa zwi fanela u dzhielwa nṱha. Ngudo yo tevhedza kuitele kwa ngona yo ṱanganelaho hu tshi khou shumiswa ngona ya khwanthethivi (mbudzisambekanywa) na khwaḽithethivi (inthaviwu) u ta mushumo wa vhurangaphanḓa kha ndangulo ya tshanduko kha dzi SOE nṋa: Transnet, Armscor, DBSA na Safcol. Luṱa lwa khwanthithethivi lwo vha na vhadzheneli vha 120 kha ḽeveḽe ya mushumo, vhadzheneli vho vha vha si khou ranga phanḓa tshanduko fhedzi vho vha vha tshi khou shela mulenzhe kha ḽeveḽe ya mushumo ya tshanduko. Luṱa lwa khwanthethivi lwo bveledzwaho nga vhadzheneli vha malo vhe vha ithavuwiwa vho imelaho vhadzheneli vha zwiimiswa izwi nṋa zwa dzi SOE ngauri vha shuma sa vharangaphanḓa vha ndangulo ya tshanduko. Musaukanyo wa data nga zwenezwo wo itwa hu tshi shumiswa SPSS kha luṱa lwa khwanthethivi dzine dza vha: tshivhalo tsha nḓisedzo, musaukanyo wa u ṱola tshiitei, Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity na tshipiḓa tsha matirikisi tshena tsha mona tsha Meyer Olkin, vhufulufheli ha miṱalukanyo, ANOVA, vhushaka, u ḓitika nga vhushaka, u ḓitika nga vhushaka vhunzhi na ikhwesheni ya tshivhumbeo tsha tshiedza. Ho shumiswa musaukanyo wa maṅwalwa kha luṱa lwa khwaḽithethivi une wa vha na mbudziso nga ha vhudavhidzani ha tshanduko, u ḓidzhenisa kha tshanduko, milaedza ya ndeme yo leludzwa na u sumbedziswa, u ita uri tshanduko i dzule i nṱhesa, u pfukisela zwikili, zwiimiswa zwa tshumisano u thoma musi tshanduko i tshi thoma, mushumo wa vhurangaphanḓa nga tshifhinga tsha tshanduko, zwikili zwo bveledziwaho nga murangaphanḓa, ndavhelelo u bva kha tshiimiswa tsho tiwaho, tshifhinga tsho vhewaho na mutevheṱhandu wa nzudzanyo. Mvelelo dza ngudo dzo sumbedzisa uri zwiṱaluli zwa vharangaphanḓa ndi zwa ndeme kha u langula tshanduko kha mabindu ane a langulwa nga zwa muvhuso a Afrika Tshipembe. U isa phanḓa nga u ralo, mvelelo dzo sumbedzisa uri u shumisa tshanduko na u bvelela zwi na vhushaka havhuḓi kha kuitele kwa tshanduko. Nga zwenezwo, vhurangaphanḓa na tshiedziswa tsha ndangulo ya tshanduko tsha tshiimiswa kha dzi SOE sa zwo bveledzwaho kha ngudo tshi ḓo khwaṱhisedza uri ndangulo ya tshanduko i tevhedzwe lwo fhelelaho. Tshiedziswa tshi vhidzwa tshiedziswa tsha dzi SOE tsha ndangulo ya tshanduko ya vhurangaphanḓa na tshiimiswa. Hu tshi khou shumiswa tshiedziswa itshi, dzi SOE dzi ḓo kona u shuma, u tshenzhela na u bvelela kha ndangulo ya tshanduko ya tshiimiswa.

Ukususela ekuwohlokeni kwezoqoqosho ngowama-2008, imeko yezoshishino yehlabathi ibisoloko imaxongo. Oku kuwohloka kwenzeke kumacandelo ezolimo, ezemveliso, lezemigodi kunye namashishini karhulumente (SOEs). Oku kubangele utshintsho olukhulu kuninzi lwemibutho yabucala nekarhulumente. Ii-SOE zachatshazelwa kakhulu ziziphithiphithi kwishishini lokusingqongileyo ngenxa yokuba zizezikarhulumente. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ngqongqo kunye nolawulo kwimeko-bume yoshishino ye-SOE, kwenza inkqubo yotshintsho ibenzima ukuyiqhuba. Uphononongo lwalujonge ukumisela, indima yobunkokeli’ kulawulo lotshintsho kwii-SOE eMzantsi Afrika. Ngaphaya koko, iinkokeli zingunobangela wotshintsho kwimibutho, kwaye abasebenzi baxhomekeke kuzo. Ngenxa yoko, ngaphandle kobukho benkokeli, utshintsho kulawulo lombutho alunakwenzeka. Ukongeza, uncwadi lobunkokeli luveze ukuba ukusebenza kwenkokeli kubonakala kwimibutho xa benxibelelana kakuhle nabasebenzi; nangona kunjalo, izakhono, ubuchule kunye nemigaqo yobunkokeli kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo. Uphononongo lulandele iindlela ezixubeneyo lusebenzisa iindlela zobungakanani (uluhlu lwemibuzo/ikhweshine) kunye neendlela zomgangatho (udliwano-ndlebe) ukumisela indima yobunkokeli kulawulo lotshintsho kwii-SOE ezine: iTransnet, iArmscor, iDBSA neSafcol. Isigaba sobungakanani besinabathathi-nxaxheba aba-120 kwinqanaba lokusebenza, abathathi-nxaxheba bebengakhokeli utshintsho kodwa bathatha inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokusebenza kotshintsho. Inqanaba lomgangatho belinabathathi-nxaxheba abasibhozo ekwabanjwa nabo udliwanondlebe bemele ezi SOE zine kuba basebenze njengeenkokeli zolawulo zotshintsho. Uhlalutyo lwedatha lwenziwa emva koko kusetyenziswa ii-SPSS zesigaba sobungakanani ezizezi: usasazo rhoqo, uhlalutyo lwento yokuphonononga, uVavanyo lukaBartlett lwe-Sphericity kunye nenxalenye yematrix ejikelezisiweyo kaKaiser Meyer Olkin, ukuthembeka kwezixhobo zokusebenza, i-ANOVA, ukunyaniseka, ulungelelwaniso, ukuhlehla, ukuhlehla kaninzi kunye nolungelelwaniso lwesakhelo semodeli oluxhasa ukulingana kwamabinzana amabini, adibeneyo kuphando.Uhlalutyo lomxholo lwasetyenziselwa isigaba somgangatho nesiqulethe imibuzo malunga nonxibelelwano kutshintsho, ukuthethathethana kutshintsho, imiyalezo ephambili eyenziwe lula nebonakalisiweyo, ukwenza utshintsho luhlale luphezulu, ukudluliselwa kwezakhono, izakhiwo zokusebenzisana kuqala xa utshintsho luqala, indima yobunkokeli ngexesha lokutshintsha, izakhono ezicutshungulwe. yinkokeli, okulindelwe kumbutho othile, ixesha elibekiweyo kunye nomjikelo wocwangciso.Iziphumo zophando zibonise ukuba iimpawu zeenkokeli zibalulekile ekulawuleni utshintsho kumashishini karhulumente woMzantsi Afrika. Ngaphezu koko, iziphumo zibonise ukuba ukuphunyezwa kotshintsho kunye nempumelelo bezinxulumene ngokufanelekileyo kwinkqubo yotshintsho. Ngoko ke, ubunkokeli kunye nemodeli yolawulo lotshintsho lombutho leSOE njengoko zisekwe kuphando ziya kuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo lotshintsho luphunyezwa ngempumelelo. Le modeli ibizwa ngokuba yimodeli yobuNkokeli kunye notshintsho lolawulo lwee-SOE. Ngokusebenzisa le modeli, ii-SOE ziya kuba nokwenzeka, zibe namava kwaye zibe nempumelelo kulawulo lweenguqu zombutho.