The nehushtan (Numbers 21:4–9) as ‘healing tool’ in the ancient Near East : a reassessment in light of apotropaic and sympathetic magic

Abstract

Apotropaic magic as well as sympathetic magic in the Ancient Near East and early Israel are examined to ascertain whether they can elucidate the Nehushtan as a possible healing tool as narrated in the Hebrew Bible (Numbers 21:4–9). Apotropaic magic, such as amulets, incantations, gestures, spells, and charms to ward off evil spirits or to cure illness – despite the existence of Biblical prohibitions – will be examined. This use was echoed in the cultural traditions of the Ancient Near East and recorded in sources such as the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmudim. Sympathetic magic was, among other purposes, used in conjunction with snakes in healing practices in ancient Canaan and Greece. In Egypt, snakes formed an integral part of mythology and symbolism. Archaeological evidence has provided useful evidence of both sympathetic and apotropaic magic practices. The principles of apotropaic and sympathetic magic will be used as far as possible as a theoretical framework to apply to the narrative of the Nehushtan in Numbers.