Effects of quicklime treated acid mine drainage (AMD) irrigation on the soil microbial activity, physiological parameters and biochemical performance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Abstract

The increasing need for irrigation water due to water scarcity and decreasing precipitation has led to the use of both treated and untreated acid mine drainage (AMD) as irrigation water. However, there is a paucity of studies on the impact of quicklime treated AMD irrigation on the physiological parameters and biochemical performance on the potato cultivars as well as bacterial diversity of the irrigated soil. The present study investigated the physiological parameters and biochemical performance of Solanum tuberosum as well as the soil bacterial diversity abundance and variations when subjected to quicklime treated AMD irrigation. A randomized complete block design experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions with five treatments levels replicated four times for each of the treatments. The results showed that the quicklime treatment increased the pH of the AMD water, and reduced the concentration of electrical conductivity, NO3-, SO42- as well as other heavy metals such as Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn. The plant height, phenodays, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, number of tubers, fresh tuber weight, and dry tuber weight of the Marykies and Royal potato cultivars were improved when irrigated with quicklime treated AMD water. The elevation in the abundance of metabolites such as glycine, dopa, pyruvic acid, dimethylglycine, aspartic acid, acetylcarnitin, norepinephrine, 4-hydroxyproline, threonine, orotic acid, serine, adenine, creatinine, cartinine, and 4-aminobutyric acid under the irrigation of treated AMD water was observed. Changes in bacterial diversity were also observed in the soil irrigated with treated AMD with Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi as the dominant phyla.

U engedzea ha ṱhoḓea ya maḓi a tsheledzo zwi tshi itiswa nga ṱhahalelo ya maḓi na u fhungudzea ha mvula zwo livhisa kha u shumiswa ha vhuvhili hazwo muelelo wa maḓi a esidi o ḓalaho methala a songo kunakisiwaho na o kunakisiwaho (AMD) sa maḓi a tsheledzo. Naho zwo ralo, hu na ṱhahelelo ya ngudo nga ha masiandaitwa a ḽaimi yo kunakiswaho ya tsheledzo ya AMD nga ha kushumele kwa mivhili ya vhathu na ya zwipuka na kushumele kwa khemikhala dzine dza wanala kha zwi tshilaho kha tshaka dzo fhambanaho dza maḓabula kha zwitshili zwo fhambanaho zwa mavu a tsheledzo. Ngudo ya zwino i khou ṱoḓisisa nga ha kushumele kwa mivhili ya vhathu na ya zwipuka na kushumele kwa khemikhala dzine dza wanala kha zwi tshilaho zwa Solanum tuberosum na zwithu zwinzhi zwo fhambanaho zwi tshilaho mavuni na phambano zwi tshi ḓa kha ḽaimi yo kunakiswaho ya tsheledzo ya AMD Nyolo ya tshilinganyo tsho itelwaho zwiedza zwa vhulimi hune yuniti dzine dza fana dza kuvhanganywa nga zwibuḽoko nga fhasi ha nyimele ya nnḓu ine ya fhisa hune zwimela zwa aluwa khayo hu na ḽeveḽe ṱhanu dza kushumisele dzo bveledzwaho hafhu zwiṋa kha kushumisele kuṅwe na kuṅwe. Mvelelo dzo sumbedza u shumiswa ha ḽaimi hu engedza pH ya maḓi a AMD, na u fhungudza u khwaṱha ha kutshimbidzele kwa muḓagasi, NO3-, SO42- na dziṅwe methala dzine dza lemela dzi ngaho sa Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, na Zn. Vhulapfu ha tshimela, maduvha, zwi re ngomu kha kolorofili, sitomatala khondakitentse, tshivhalo tsha khufhi, tshileme tsha khufhi thethe, na tshivhalo tsha khufhi yo omaho ya tshaka dzo fhambanaho dza maḓabula a Marykies na Royal dzo khwinisea musi dzi tshi sheledzwa nga maḓi a AMD ane a shumisa ḽaimi. U gonya ha vhunzhi ha methabolizimu dzi ngaho giḽeserina, dopa, esidi ya pyruviki, giḽeserina ya dimetheyeli, esidi ya asiparatiki, acetylcarnitin, norepinephrine, 4-hydroxyproline, threonine, esidi ya orotic, serine, adenine, creatinine, cartinine, na esidi ya 4-aminobutyric nga fhasi ha tsheledzo ya kushumisele kwa maḓi a AMD zwo sedzwa. Tshanduko kha u fhambana ha zwitshili na zwone zwo sedzwa kha mavu a tsheledzo na tsireledzo ya AMD na Acidobacteria na Chloroflexi sa khethekanyo khulwane ya zwi tshilaho.

Ku ngeteleleka ka xilaveko xa ku cheleta hikokwalaho ka ku pfumaleka ka mati na ku ya ehansi ka minyuku ya mati swi endle leswo ku tirhisiwa mati yo huma eka timayini yo basisiwa no ka ya nga basisiwangi ya esidi ku nga acid mine drainage (AMD) tanihi mati yo cheleta. Kambe, a ku na mindzavisiso yo enela eka ku tirhisiwa ka quicklime-treated ADM ku cheleta eka rimba ra swo khomeka (physiological parameteres) na ku tirha kahle ka swa bayokhemiikali ka matapula yo byariwa na le ka ku hambana-hambana eka misava leyi nga cheletiwa. Ndzavisiso lowu wa sweswi wu lavisise tipharamita ta ku khomeka na tirhelo ra bayokhemikali eka Solanum tuberosum xikan'we na ku hambana ka tibhaktheriya ta misava hi xitalo na ku hambana loko swi pimanisiwa na ncheleto wa quicklime-treated AMD. Ku endliwe ekspirimente ya block design yo helela ehansi ka xiyimo xa greenhouse hi swiyenge swa ntlhanu swa ku ongola eka mikarhi ya mune eka n'ongolo wun'wana na wun'wana. Vuyelo byi kombise leswo quiklime treatment yi ngetele pH ya mati ya ADM, no hunguta ku fambiseka ka swa electrical conductivity, NO3-, SO42- xikan'we na ti-heavy metal to fana na Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn. Vulehi bya ximila, phenodays, na chlorophyll content, stomatala conductance, nhlayo ya ti-tubers, na ntiko wa tuber ya frexe, na ntiko wa tuber yo oma ya matapula ya Marykies and Royal cultivars swi antswiswile loko swi cheletiwa hi mati ya quicklime-treated AMD. Ku tlakusiwa ka vunyingi bya metabolites byo fana na glycine, dopa, pyruvic acid, dimethylglycine, aspartic acid, acetylcarnitin, norepinephrine, 4-hydroxyproline, threonine, orotic acid, serine, adenine, creatinine, cartinine, and 4-aminobutyric acid ehansi ka vucheleti hi mati yo ongoriwa ya AMD swi voniwile. Ku cinca eka ku hambana ka tibhaktheriya, naswona swi voniwile eka misava leyi yi nga cheletiwa hi mati yo ongoriwa ya AMD hi Acidobacteria na Chloroflexi tanihi hi phyla yo tala ngopfu.