Cultural practices and beliefs affecting HIV and AIDS management among Tsonga people in Bushbuckridge

Abstract

This ethnographic study explored and described practices and beliefs that may have an impact on the management of HIV and AIDS among Tsonga people in Bushbuckridge. Data was collected through face to face in-depth individual interviews with 19 key informants who are highly knowledgeable about the Tsonga culture. The researcher used ethnographic content analysis to analyse data. Findings indicated that language, rituals, beliefs related to the origin of diseases, traditional healers, and tattoos are among Tsonga cultural practices and beliefs that have an impact on management of HIV and AIDS. Some of the practices increase the risk of HIV infection while some assist in the reduction of the risk of HIV infection. Based on the findings of the study and literature, the researcher managed to develop a contextual, cultural approach model for HIV and AIDS management for Tsonga people in Bushbuckridge. The model development was guided by Leininger theory of culture, care, diversity, and universality. To organise the model, the researcher used CIPO model to guide the elements of the cultural approach model. Though the model takes into consideration global and national context, the main focus was the local context in particular Bushbuckridge. The success of this model is dependent on the availability of knowledgeable healthcare practitioners, relevant resources and engaged community structure. The process of the model includes Cultural Care Preservation, Cultural care Accommodation, and Cultural care Re-patterning. The expected output of the model is modification of HIV risky cultural practices, improved health-seeking behaviour, reduction of new HIV infections and reduction of HIV and AIDS-related deaths. Based on the study outcomes, the researcher makes several recommendations in relation to implementation of the model, Nursing Practice and Education, and further research. The study has contributed to the body of knowledge in relation to cultural practices and management of HIV and AIDS. The model can be utilised to enhance nursing education and practice and further research.