A descriptive account of vowel hiatus resolution strategies in Tonga (M.64) : a dialectical perspective
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Authors
Hang'Ombe, Khama
Issue Date
2025-02
Type
Thesis
Language
en
Keywords
Constraints , Optimality theory , Plateau Tonga , Ranking , Tableau , Vowel hiatus resolution , Zimbabwean Tonga
Alternative Title
Abstract
This study is on vowel hiatus resolution in Tonga, specifically the Tonga spoken in Zimbabwe and the Zambian Plateau Tonga. The study identifies and examines the contexts of vowel hiatus and identifies and discusses the strategies used to resolve it, as well as the constraints in each strategy. The study is qualitative and the data were collected from 14 key participants. The main research tool for data collection was a lexical items list that was used with each participant during semi-structured interviews. The data for the study are analysed and discussed using the Optimality Theory, a theory whose key thrust is that the observable forms of language are a result of optimal satisfaction of conflicting constraints in the underlying structures. This study established that vowel hiatus is not tolerated in both varieties of Tonga, that is, the Zimbabwean Tonga variety (ZV), and the Plateau Tonga variety (PV). The study also identified the following hiatus resolution strategies used in Tonga: secondary articulation, deletion, epenthesis, coalescence and gliding. While there are many similarities in terms of vowel hiatus resolution between the two varieties, differences were noted in some causative verbal forms. In some causative verbal forms, the repair strategy that is used is palatalisation. It is argued in this study that differences in resolving vowel hiatus between the PV and the ZV abound in some contexts of vowel hiatus. However, similarities in resolving vowel hiatus between the varieties outweigh the differences. One of the conclusions made in the study is that vowel hiatus is not tolerated in Tonga, and that it is resolved using secondary articulation, epenthesis, gliding, coalescence or deletion. Further, the study concludes that while there are widespread similarities in the repair strategies for hiatus in similar contexts, there are also differences between the varieties. Furthermore, it is concluded that in some cases, a repair strategy can be followed by another phonological process in the language. The study recommends an investigation of vowel hiatus in the other Tonga varieties such as the Zambian Valley variety and Zimbabwean Moola variety.
Lolu cwaningo lumayelana nokuqedwa konkamisa besiTonga, ikakhulukazi isiTonga esikhulunywa eZimbabwe kanye naseZambia Plateau Tonga. Ucwaningo luhlonza luphinde luhlole izimo zokunqamula onkamisa futhi lukhomba luphinde luxoxe ngamasu asetshenziswayo ukukuxazulula lokhu kanye nezingqinamba zesu ngalinye. Ucwaningo lusezingeni, idatha iqoqwe kubahlanganyeli abayi-14 ababalulekile. Ithuluzi elikhulu locwaningo lokuqoqwa kwedatha kwakuwuhlu lwamagama asetshenziswe umhlanganyeli ngamunye ngesikhathi senhlolovo engahlelwanga. Idatha yalolu cwaningo ihlaziywa futhi ixoxwe kusetshenziswa i-Optimality Theory, ithiyori le umgomo wayo oyinhloko ukuthi izinhlobo zolimi eziqaphelekayo ziwumphumela wokwaneliseka okuphelele izithiyo eziphikisanayo ezakhiweni eziyisisekelo. Lolu cwaningo lwasungula ukuthi ukulandelana konkamisa akubekezelelwa kuzo zombili izinhlobo zesiTonga, okungukuthi, izinhlobonhlobo zesiTonga saseZimbabwe (ZV), kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zePlateau Tonga (PV). Ucwaningo luphinde lwahlonza lokhu okulandelayo njengezixazululo zokulandelana konkamisa ezingasetshenziswa isiTonga: ukuphimisa okwesibili, ukususwa konkamisa, ukwengeza unkamisa, ukulumbana konkamisa kanye nokutshuza konkamisa. Nakuba kunokufana okuningi mayelana nokuxazulula ukunqamula onkamisa phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili, umehluko wabonakala ezenhlotsheni zezenzo ezikhombisa imbangela yento kwezinye zezinkulumo eziyimbangela. Kwezinye izinhlobo zamagama eziyimbangela, isu lokulungisa elisetshenziswayo elokulwangisa. Kuphikiswana ngakho kulolu cwaningo ukuthi umehluko ekuxazululeni ukulandelana konkamisa phakathi kwe-PV kanye ne-ZV ugcwele kwezinye izimo zokunqamuka konkamisa. Nokho, ukufana ekuxazululeni ukunqamuka konkamisa phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo kudlula umehluko. Esinye seziphetho ezenziwe wucwaningo luthi ukunqamuka konkamisa akubekezelelwa esiTongeni, futhi kuxazululwa kusetshenziswa ukukhuluma kwesibili, ukususwa konkamisa, ukutshuza konkamisa, ukulumbana noma ukususwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luphetha ngokuthi nakuba kukhona ukufana okwandile emaswini okulungisa ukwenqiwa konkamisa ezimeni ezifanayo, kukhona futhi umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, luphetha ngokuthi kwezinye izimo, isu lokulungisa lingalandelwa enye inqubo yefonoloji olimini. Ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi kuphenywe ngokunqamuka konkamisa kwezinye izinhlobo zesiTonga ezifana neZambian Valley kanye neZimbabwean Moola.
Thutonyakišišo ye e mabapi le tharollo ya tatelano ya ditumanoši lelemeng la seTonga, leo le bolelwago nageng ya Zimbabwe le Zambia. Thutonyakišišo ye e hlatholla le go hlahloba boemo bja tatelano ya ditumanoši, le go hlatha le go ahlaahla maano ao a šomišwago go e rarolla, gammogo le mapheko mo leano le lengwe le le lengwe. Thutonyakišišo ye ke ya boleng, tshedimošo e kgobokeditšwe go tšwa go bakgathatema ba 14. Go šomišitšwe phatadiganong go kgoboketša tshedimošo fao mongwe le mongwe wa bakgathatema a filwego lenaneo la mantšu, gomme gwa boledišanwa ka lona. Tshedomišo ya nyakišišo ye e sekasekilwe le go ahlaahlwa ka tšhomišo ya teori ya Optimality. Teori ye e re dibopego tša polelo tšeo di bonwago ke ka ditlamorago tša kgotsofalo ye e loketšego ya dithibelo tše di thulanago ka dibopego tša motheo. Thutonyakišišo ye e fihleletše gore tatelano ya ditumanoši ga se ya dumelelwa go mehuteng ye mebedi ya seTonga, ke gore, go mohuta wa seTonga sa Zimbabwe (ZV), le go mohuta wa seTonga sa Plateau (PV). Nyakišišo ye e hlathollotše mehuta ye e latelago e le yona ya go rarolla tatelano ya ditumanoši lelemeng la seTonga: kwagatšopedi, tlogelo, kopano, momagano le tumammogofatšo. Le ge go na le go swana go gontši ga mekgwatharollo ya tatelano ya ditumanoši magareng ga mehuta ye mebedi ya leleme, diphapano di ile tša lemogwa ka mantšu a mangwe a maphethi. Dibopegong tše dingwe tša mantšu a, tharollo ye e šomišwago ke kgalagapatšo. Nyakišišo ye e laetša gore diphapano tša go rarolla tatelano ya ditumanoši magareng ga PV le ZV e atile maemong a itšeng. Le ge go le bjalo, go swana ka go rarolla tatelano ya ditumanoši magareng ga mehuta ye e feta diphapano. E nngwe ya diphihlelelo tšeo di dirilwego ka thuto ke gore tatelano ya ditumanoši ga e kgotlelelwe go leleme la seTonga, le gore e rarollwa ka go šomiša kwagatšopedi, tlogelo, kopano, momagano le tumammogofatšo. Go feta moo, thutonyakišišo e ruma ka gore le ge go na le go swana mo go atilego ka maanong a go lokiša tatelano ya ditumanoši, go na le gape le diphapano magareng ga mehuta ye. Go feta moo, go rungwa ka gore maemong a mangwe, leano la go lokiša le ka latelwa ke tshepedišo ye nngwe ya phetogomedumo. Thutonyakišišo e šišinya gore go dirwe dinyakišišo ka tatelano ya ditumanoši ka go mehuta ye mengwe ya seTonga go swana le mohuta wa Zambian Valley le mohuta wa Zimbabwean Moola.
Lolu cwaningo lumayelana nokuqedwa konkamisa besiTonga, ikakhulukazi isiTonga esikhulunywa eZimbabwe kanye naseZambia Plateau Tonga. Ucwaningo luhlonza luphinde luhlole izimo zokunqamula onkamisa futhi lukhomba luphinde luxoxe ngamasu asetshenziswayo ukukuxazulula lokhu kanye nezingqinamba zesu ngalinye. Ucwaningo lusezingeni, idatha iqoqwe kubahlanganyeli abayi-14 ababalulekile. Ithuluzi elikhulu locwaningo lokuqoqwa kwedatha kwakuwuhlu lwamagama asetshenziswe umhlanganyeli ngamunye ngesikhathi senhlolovo engahlelwanga. Idatha yalolu cwaningo ihlaziywa futhi ixoxwe kusetshenziswa i-Optimality Theory, ithiyori le umgomo wayo oyinhloko ukuthi izinhlobo zolimi eziqaphelekayo ziwumphumela wokwaneliseka okuphelele izithiyo eziphikisanayo ezakhiweni eziyisisekelo. Lolu cwaningo lwasungula ukuthi ukulandelana konkamisa akubekezelelwa kuzo zombili izinhlobo zesiTonga, okungukuthi, izinhlobonhlobo zesiTonga saseZimbabwe (ZV), kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zePlateau Tonga (PV). Ucwaningo luphinde lwahlonza lokhu okulandelayo njengezixazululo zokulandelana konkamisa ezingasetshenziswa isiTonga: ukuphimisa okwesibili, ukususwa konkamisa, ukwengeza unkamisa, ukulumbana konkamisa kanye nokutshuza konkamisa. Nakuba kunokufana okuningi mayelana nokuxazulula ukunqamula onkamisa phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili, umehluko wabonakala ezenhlotsheni zezenzo ezikhombisa imbangela yento kwezinye zezinkulumo eziyimbangela. Kwezinye izinhlobo zamagama eziyimbangela, isu lokulungisa elisetshenziswayo elokulwangisa. Kuphikiswana ngakho kulolu cwaningo ukuthi umehluko ekuxazululeni ukulandelana konkamisa phakathi kwe-PV kanye ne-ZV ugcwele kwezinye izimo zokunqamuka konkamisa. Nokho, ukufana ekuxazululeni ukunqamuka konkamisa phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo kudlula umehluko. Esinye seziphetho ezenziwe wucwaningo luthi ukunqamuka konkamisa akubekezelelwa esiTongeni, futhi kuxazululwa kusetshenziswa ukukhuluma kwesibili, ukususwa konkamisa, ukutshuza konkamisa, ukulumbana noma ukususwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luphetha ngokuthi nakuba kukhona ukufana okwandile emaswini okulungisa ukwenqiwa konkamisa ezimeni ezifanayo, kukhona futhi umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, luphetha ngokuthi kwezinye izimo, isu lokulungisa lingalandelwa enye inqubo yefonoloji olimini. Ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi kuphenywe ngokunqamuka konkamisa kwezinye izinhlobo zesiTonga ezifana neZambian Valley kanye neZimbabwean Moola.
Thutonyakišišo ye e mabapi le tharollo ya tatelano ya ditumanoši lelemeng la seTonga, leo le bolelwago nageng ya Zimbabwe le Zambia. Thutonyakišišo ye e hlatholla le go hlahloba boemo bja tatelano ya ditumanoši, le go hlatha le go ahlaahla maano ao a šomišwago go e rarolla, gammogo le mapheko mo leano le lengwe le le lengwe. Thutonyakišišo ye ke ya boleng, tshedimošo e kgobokeditšwe go tšwa go bakgathatema ba 14. Go šomišitšwe phatadiganong go kgoboketša tshedimošo fao mongwe le mongwe wa bakgathatema a filwego lenaneo la mantšu, gomme gwa boledišanwa ka lona. Tshedomišo ya nyakišišo ye e sekasekilwe le go ahlaahlwa ka tšhomišo ya teori ya Optimality. Teori ye e re dibopego tša polelo tšeo di bonwago ke ka ditlamorago tša kgotsofalo ye e loketšego ya dithibelo tše di thulanago ka dibopego tša motheo. Thutonyakišišo ye e fihleletše gore tatelano ya ditumanoši ga se ya dumelelwa go mehuteng ye mebedi ya seTonga, ke gore, go mohuta wa seTonga sa Zimbabwe (ZV), le go mohuta wa seTonga sa Plateau (PV). Nyakišišo ye e hlathollotše mehuta ye e latelago e le yona ya go rarolla tatelano ya ditumanoši lelemeng la seTonga: kwagatšopedi, tlogelo, kopano, momagano le tumammogofatšo. Le ge go na le go swana go gontši ga mekgwatharollo ya tatelano ya ditumanoši magareng ga mehuta ye mebedi ya leleme, diphapano di ile tša lemogwa ka mantšu a mangwe a maphethi. Dibopegong tše dingwe tša mantšu a, tharollo ye e šomišwago ke kgalagapatšo. Nyakišišo ye e laetša gore diphapano tša go rarolla tatelano ya ditumanoši magareng ga PV le ZV e atile maemong a itšeng. Le ge go le bjalo, go swana ka go rarolla tatelano ya ditumanoši magareng ga mehuta ye e feta diphapano. E nngwe ya diphihlelelo tšeo di dirilwego ka thuto ke gore tatelano ya ditumanoši ga e kgotlelelwe go leleme la seTonga, le gore e rarollwa ka go šomiša kwagatšopedi, tlogelo, kopano, momagano le tumammogofatšo. Go feta moo, thutonyakišišo e ruma ka gore le ge go na le go swana mo go atilego ka maanong a go lokiša tatelano ya ditumanoši, go na le gape le diphapano magareng ga mehuta ye. Go feta moo, go rungwa ka gore maemong a mangwe, leano la go lokiša le ka latelwa ke tshepedišo ye nngwe ya phetogomedumo. Thutonyakišišo e šišinya gore go dirwe dinyakišišo ka tatelano ya ditumanoši ka go mehuta ye mengwe ya seTonga go swana le mohuta wa Zambian Valley le mohuta wa Zimbabwean Moola.
Description
Text in English with summaries in English, Northern Sotho and Xhosa