Exploring the resilience of religious belief : cognitive, cultural and historical perspectives

Abstract

This thesis investigates the foundations of religious beliefs and their persistence in contemporary society through a systematic literature review. It examines how cognitive predispositions (mentalising, anthropomorphism, teleological thinking) and biological factors (genetics, brain structure, neurochemistry) shape the formation of religious beliefs, which are then influenced by cultural forces. The Cognitive Science of Religion provides insights into how cognitive biases reinforce misleading beliefs. This thesis proposes promoting logic education to foster rational thought and critical engagement as a countermeasure. Although rational inquiry is crucial in a world saturated with information, for some, scientific discoveries may not offer the same sense of wonder, meaning, or purpose that religious beliefs have historically provided. This explains the continued endurance of such belief systems alongside scientific progress. As scientific advancements challenge traditional sources of meaning, individuals struggle with the existential question of purpose. In such a context, this thesis argues for prioritising individual freedom in seeking meaning. Finally, the thesis contends that although some aspects of metaphysics may transcend empirical methods, this does not preclude evidence-based research from engaging with supernatural claims. Society must strive to balance the pursuit of objective knowledge with preserving cultural richness and existential fulfilment.