Theses and Dissertations (Development Studies)https://hdl.handle.net/10500/145182024-03-28T13:54:53Z2024-03-28T13:54:53ZThe contribution of tourism to local economic development in South Africa : the case study of the Newtown Cultural Precinct in JohannesburgGopane, Khatija Tlotlohttps://hdl.handle.net/10500/308322024-02-21T13:46:30Z2022-02-01T00:00:00ZThe contribution of tourism to local economic development in South Africa : the case study of the Newtown Cultural Precinct in Johannesburg
Gopane, Khatija Tlotlo
Tourism is recognised as the largest and fastest growing economic sector worldwide. However, many tourism studies in South Africa and elsewhere have investigated the relationship between macro-economic development and tourism. So far, there is little or no research on the contribution of tourism to local development in South Africa. As such, this research project tried to close this gap by critically examining the contribution of tourism to local development of Johannesburg inner-city in South Africa. The main aim was to investigate the extent to which tourism in Newtown Cultural Precinct (NCP) has contributed to Local Economic Development (LED) in Johannesburg in South Africa. Therefore, the specific objectives were to assess the nature of tourism in NCP; establish the role of cultural tourism in enhancing LED; evaluate tourism regeneration and its impact on LED; and to outline the economic and social contributions of tourism in NCP in Johannesburg. The research utilised a case study of the NCP tourist site to generate literature and empirical findings. Research data was mined through a qualitative design process, within the interpretive paradigm lens. Multiple research methods such as social survey, observation and interviews were not only used to explore primary data but also to triangulate research findings. Secondary data was gathered through a literature review process. The study population consisted of 20 interviewees, of whom 5 were business owners, 5 residents, 5 tourists or visitors, and 5 were employees at NCP. The actual sample was selected through a non-probability sampling technique namely: convenience or judgemental technique. As such, only populations units with rich knowledge of the subject being studied were selected. Research data analysis was analysed using manual bi-thematic analysis process of utilising deductive and inductive approaches. This implies that both priori and posteriori codes, categories and themes were generated. Key objective empirical findings which emerged from the study are that the nature of tourism is such that it fosters socio-economic transformation of infrastructures, creates employment, contributes significantly to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), export earning, and promotes human and physical capital investment. It surfaced that the role of tourism is to tap cultural and unique potential, attract tourists, foster inclusive growth, and promote diversity. In terms of tourism regeneration and its impact on LED generated arose that tourism regeneration positively impact LED through job creation; improving the quality of life for residents; promoting economic development; balancing urban and LED; improving city image; attracting private and public investors; improving environment; and attracting new business. Then the economic and social contribution of tourism to LED conceived is such that it boosts the gross domestic product; facilitates community development; alleviates poverty; provides business opportunities; conceive inner-city leisure places – such as casinos, museums, conference centres and sports stadiums. However, there seems to be no commitment and consistency, no events and target planning, no participative engagement, no tourism marketing advertising, and no motivation is done, from government and responsible stakeholders, to effectively promote local development in the context of the poor. Efforts to eradicate these weaknesses will contribute towards fruitful LED and income generation at NCP in Johannesburg.
2022-02-01T00:00:00ZYoung women's participation in electoral process in post 1994 South Africa : the case of Pretoria East constituencyDuma, Brendahttps://hdl.handle.net/10500/307372024-01-26T09:30:23Z2023-01-24T00:00:00ZYoung women's participation in electoral process in post 1994 South Africa : the case of Pretoria East constituency
Duma, Brenda
The study investigates young women’s participation in electoral processes in Pretoria East in post 1994 South Africa. A qualitative approach was used in this study. A case study that focused on young women aged between 18 and 35 was conducted in Pretoria East. Participants were selected using snowball sampling. The study drew on a narrative of 553 participants, 523 questionnaire respondents, 26 focus group respondents, and four semi-structured interviews. Questionnaires, focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews, and secondary data analysis were used as instruments to collect data from the participants. The data were analysed using thematic analysis. The primary findings showed that young women are not motivated to participate in electoral processes because of issues such as corruption and nepotism, a patriarchal society, inequality toward women and a lack of support. Among some of its recommendations, the study proposes gender equality, education and young women empowerment, job creation, and support from society and male counterparts.
2023-01-24T00:00:00ZThe role of microfinance in urban youth livelihoods in EthiopiaYigrem Kassa Ebakehhttps://hdl.handle.net/10500/307352024-02-01T13:23:19Z2023-06-01T00:00:00ZThe role of microfinance in urban youth livelihoods in Ethiopia
Yigrem Kassa Ebakeh
The financial sector of Ethiopia is not diversified, and the use of digital financial services is at an infant stage. One of the biggest and growing development challenges facing Ethiopia has been an increasing trend in youth unemployment. This has been driven mainly by rural-urban migration and a lack of livelihoods that have exposed youths to the risks of unsafe migration and involvement in social unrest and political instability. Expanding the access to microfinance to the youth has been recognised by the Government of Ethiopia to be one of the ways of addressing youth unemployment and building their livelihoods. This study assessed the role of microfinance in improving urban youth livelihoods in Ethiopia as this subject has not been systematically examined and there is scant information available. That is why this study was conducted to find empirical evidence.
A systematic approach was followed in assessing the state of existing youth inclusive microfinance related policies, strategies, microfinance products and services, and the role of microfinance in fostering urban youth livelihoods. The study employed a mixed research methodology with cross sectional data involving a structured questionnaire and a face-to-face interview administered to 400 participants who benefited from a regular microfinance programme, 43 key informant interview participants and 15 focus group discussions. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data, while descriptive statistics and inferential techniques including correlation and a multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyse the quantitative data.
The results of this study revealed that microfinance had a significant and positive role in improving youth livelihoods that contributes to the achievement of Agenda 2063 as well as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The model results revealed that credit performance followed by saving performance are the most important variables that have a significant effect on youth livelihoods. With regards to youth capacity building, the overall result showed an insignificant influence on youth livelihood which highlights existing gaps in building the entrepreneurial and technical skill of the youth.
In terms of gender, the result indicates that males were associated with improved livelihood compared to their female counterparts, which has policy implications. Regarding the loan size, the result shows that the loan size had a positive and significant influence on youth livelihood that a small loan may hinder the youth from setting up viable businesses and realising the expected improvement in their livelihoods. The collateral requirement by Microfinance institutions (MFIs) is the biggest challenge that has restricted the youth from accessing higher loan size to successfully run their businesses. Accessing higher loan size is linked to the type of collateral held by the youth. As a result, financial inclusion was the lowest for those youth in the lower age category (18-24) who predominantly do not have business experience and cannot offer collateral required by MFIs.
Ethiopia has introduced a number of innovative policies, strategies and regulations that promote youth inclusive microfinance which are discussed in detail in this study. However, there are still gaps in the youth inclusive microfinance policy and strategy. These, among others, include a lack of regional focus and gender lens of the financial inclusion strategy and microfinance regulation, following a supply driven approach, the risk of mission drift, unsuccessful implementation of youth revolving fund, weak harmonisation of policies and strategies and evidence based policy making that deters the youth from fully embracing specific interventions that promote inclusive microfinance services.
In addition, despite the positive trend in the growth of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs), the study found that MFIs have a long way to go to tap into the huge demand of tailor-made financial services for the youth, including simplifying complex procedural requirements, introducing specific products and incentive schemes for the youth, promoting the use of digital financial services and enhancing the low saving culture. This hinders the youth from running successful business and benefiting from innovative continental business initiatives like the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). While there are areas of improvement, the overall result shows positive and significant relationships between microfinance and youth livelihoods. The study proposed a comprehensive youth inclusive microfinance framework which could provide guidance in further transforming access to microfinance services for the youth in Ethiopia and generally in Africa.
2023-06-01T00:00:00ZAnalysing the sustainable livelihoods of domestic female migrants in Dunoon, Cape Town in the Western Cape of South AfricaTokoyo, Berthahttps://hdl.handle.net/10500/307332024-02-12T10:45:27Z2023-01-11T00:00:00ZAnalysing the sustainable livelihoods of domestic female migrants in Dunoon, Cape Town in the Western Cape of South Africa
Tokoyo, Bertha
There is proof that women continue to migrate from other countries to seek better ways of survival and to increase their sustainable livelihood. These women’s migration is linked to their provisional efforts and the challenges they encounter in salvaging and bettering lives within households (Kim 2014:553). When they migrate, a solid number of these women acquire jobs as domestic workers in the host countries.
The main purpose of this study has been to investigate the sustainable livelihoods of domestic female migrants in Dunoon, Cape Town in the Western Cape of South Africa. Sustainable livelihood is described as a person’s capacity to support themselves in a way that is viably long (Serrat 2017). The research implemented primary and secondary data collection methods. The study employed a qualitative research method to investigate, in this context, thirty (30) migrant women working as domestic workers. Ten (10) domestic workers’ employers, two (2) officials from the Department of Social Development and two (2) foreign community representatives were also interviewed and two (2) focus groups discussions were held to gather primary data. A snowball sampling technique was applied to select the respondents.
Evidence shows that the lives of women working as migrant domestic workers have improved positively when compared to their circumstances in their places of origin. When these women obtain jobs as domestic workers, they notice improvement in their livelihoods. However, they face difficulties at work and come across social challenges in the places where they live. Poor infrastructure, robbery, intolerance of foreigners, and uncooperative employers, inter alia, in the host countries are cited as detrimental rudiments to their progress. While policies are available to protect them, a vast number of these women fail to acquire such services due to lack of information, time, funds, and assistance to leverage these. Although the South African government provides services to assist and protect all women regardless of their country of origin, evidence shows that more programmes and facilities are needed and should be established to empower all women living in South Africa.; Kunobufakazi bokuthi abesifazane bayaqhubeka nokufuduka besuka kwamanye amazwe beyofuna izindlela ezingcono zokuphila futhi bakhulise ukuphila kwabo okuzinzile. Ukufuduka kwalaba besifazane kuxhumene nemizamo yabo yesikhashana kanye nezinselela abahlangabezana nazo ekusindiseni nasekuthuthukiseni izimpilo zabo emakhaya (Kim 2014:553). Lapho befuduka, inani elikhulu lalaba besifazane bathola imisebenzi njengabasebenzi basezindlini emazweni asekhaya.
Inhloso enkulu yalolu cwaningo bekuwukuphenya izimpilo ezisimeme zabesifazane basekhaya abafudukayo eDunoon, eKapa eNtshonalanga Kapa yaseNingizimu Afrika. Ukuphila okusimeme kuchazwa njengamandla omuntu okuzisekela ngendlela ende (Serrat 2017). Ucwaningo lwenze izindlela zokuqoqa imininingwane eziyinhloko nezesibili.
Ucwaningo lusebenzise indlela yocwaningo echazayo ukuphenya, kulesi simo, abesifazane abangamashumi amathathu (30) abafudukayo abasebenza njengabasebenzi basezindlini. Abaqashi babasebenzi basezindlini abayishumi (10), izikhulu ezimbili (2) zoMnyango Wezokuthuthukiswa Komphakathi kanye nabamele umphakathi wangaphandle ababili (2) nabo kwaxoxwa nabo futhi kwaba nezingxoxo zamaqembu amabili (2) okugxilwe kuwo ukuze kuqoqwe imininingwane eyinhloko. Kusetshenziswe indlela yesampula engenakwenzeka ukuze kukhethwe abaphendulayo.
Ubufakazi bukhombisa ukuthi izimpilo zabesifazane abasebenza njengabasebenzi basezindlini abaphuma kwamanye amazwe zibe ngcono kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nezimo zabo ezindaweni abazalelwa kuzo. Lapho laba besifazane bethola imisebenzi yasezindlini, babona intuthuko endleleni yabo yokuziphilisa. Nokho, babhekana nobunzima emsebenzini futhi bahlangabezane nezinselela zomphakathi ezindaweni abahlala kuzo.
Ingqalasizinda empofu, ukugetshengwa, ukungabekezelelani kwabantu bakwamanye amazwe, nabaqashi abangabambisene nabo, phakathi kokunye, emazweni abambe iqhaza abalulwa njengezisekelo ezilimaza inqubekelaphambili yabo. Nakuba izinqubomgomo zitholakala ukubavikela, inqwaba yalaba besifazane bayehluleka ukuthola lezi zinsizakalo ngenxa yokuntuleka kolwazi, isikhathi, izimali kanye nosizo lokusebenzisa lezi zinsiza. Yize uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika ehlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokusiza nokuvikela bonke abantu besifazane kungakhathaliseki ukuthi badabuka kuphi, ubufakazi bukhombisa ukuthi kudingeka ezinye izinhlelo nezinsiza futhi kumele zisungulwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe bonke abesifazane abahlala eNingizimu Afrika.; Daar is bewyse dat vroue steeds vanuit ander lande migreer op soek na beter maniere om te oorleef en hul volhoubare lewensbestaan uit te brei. Die migrasie van hierdie vroue hou verband met hul pogings om te voorsien en die uitdagings wat hulle te bowe moet kom om lewens binne hul huishoudings te bewaar en te verbeter (Kim 2014:553). Wanneer hulle migreer, word heelwat van hierdie vroue in die gasheerlande as huiswerkers in diens geneem.
Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om die volhoubare lewensbestaan van vroulike migrante wat as huiswerkers werk in Dunoon, Kaapstad, in die Wes-Kaap van Suid-Afrika te ondersoek. Volhoubare lewensbestaan word beskryf as ‘n persoon se vermoë om hom- of haarself te onderhou op ‘n manier wat lewensvatbaar lank is (Serrat 2017). Die navorsing het primêre en sekondêre data-insamelingsmetodes geïmplementeer. Die studie het ook ‘n kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetode aangewend om in hierdie konteks ‘n ondersoek te doen na dertig (30) migrantvroue wat as huiswerkers werk. Onderhoude is ook gevoer met tien (10) werkgewers van huiswerkers, twee (2) amptenare van die Departement van Maatskaplike Ontwikkeling en twee (2) verteenwoordigers van die buitelandse gemeenskap, en twee (2) fokusgroepbesprekings is gehou om primêre data te versamel. ‘n Sneeubalsteekproeftegniek is gebruik om die respondente te selekteer.
Die bewyse dui daarop dat die lewens van vroue wat as migranthuiswerkers werk, positief verander het in vergelyking met hul omstandighede in hul plek van oorsprong. Wanneer hierdie vroue as huiswerkers aangestel word, ervaar hulle ‘n verbetering in hul lewensbestaan. Hulle kom egter te staan teen probleme by die werk asook maatskaplike uitdagings op die plekke waar hul woon. Swak infrastruktuur, diefstal, onverdraagsaamheid jeens buitelanders, en werkgewers wat onwillig is om hul samewerking te gee in die gasheerlande, word onder andere genoem as grondbeginsels wat hul vooruitgang nadelig beinvloed. Alhoewel beleide bestaan om hulle te beskerm, verkry ‘n groot aantal van hierdie vroue nooit toegang tot sulke dienste nie weens ‘n gebrek aan inligting, tyd, fondse en hulp om dit optimaal te benut. Alhoewel die Suid-Afrikaanse regering dienste verskaf om alle vroue ongeag hul land van oorsprong by te staan en te beskerm, dui getuienis daarop dat meer programme en geriewe nodig is en ingestel moet word om alle vroue wat in Suid-Afrika leef, te bemagtig.
Includes summaries in Afrikaans and Tsonga
2023-01-11T00:00:00Z