The theological and philosophical roots of the Lutheran Reformation : continuity and discontinuity

Abstract

The medieval church displayed a theological pluralism unknown until the contemporary era. The polarised age of the reformation and postreformation periods can be traced to the middle ages and earlier for many doctrines considered reformed were well defined in these times. Augustine’s fundamental argument against Pelagius provided Luther with his unilateral model of salvation: righteousness is not through deeds but, rather, through the transforming work of Christ. Anselm and Bernard of Clairvaux both prepared for future reformed doctrine: Anselm in his doctrine of atonement and Bernard in the priority given to Scripture. Duns Scotus and William of Ockham in different ways stress the sovereign freedom of God. Salvation is not dependent on human qualities but on God’s will. However, Luther’s inability to understand and appreciate Aquinas introduced an element of discontinuity in the medieval theological tradition. Aquinas highlights the positive world-affirming grace of God; Luther the restrictive belief that humanity in his/her natural state cannot love God.