The framework for cross-border banking in East Africa: a case for the Kenya Commercial Bank

Abstract

The study aimed to develop an appropriate cross-border banking framework for competitiveness in East Africa. To this end, Kenya Commercial Bank was chosen as case study, as it allowed for an examination of global, multi-domestic and transnational cross-border competitiveness strategies. The political and sociocultural environments were the moderating variables for the study, while the sub-variables of competitive advantage were efficiency, risk management, learning and innovation. A mixed methods sequential approach was utilised, with the quantitative approach employing a cross-sectional survey research design as framework, while probability and nonprobability sampling techniques were used for collecting quantitative and qualitative data respectively. Both close- and open-ended questions were used. The quantitative phase of the study sampled 217 potential participants and received 168 responses, which is a response rate of 77 per cent. Data were analysed using SPSS software, which provided descriptive and inferential statistics. Thereafter, a framework for cross-border banking was developed, using regression analysis. The qualitative phase of the research employed a case study design, with interviews being conducted with employees of Kenya Commercial Bank. To this end, purposive, convenience and snowball sampling was utilised. In addition, qualitative data were processed and analysed through the use of MAXQDA software. Trustworthiness and rigour were enhanced by transcribing the interviews and reviewing them for accuracy. The quantitative and qualitative data were subsequently synthesised, taking into account their points of convergence and divergence. The study finally established that the most appropriate framework for competitiveness was to strategically integrate multi-domestic and global strategies, and moderate these by taking into account prevailing political and sociocultural environments. Elements for global configuration included centralisation, standard procedures, similar policies, organisational structures, global dynamics and global appeal. By contrast, the critical elements for a multi-domestic strategy included decentralisation, different procedures/policies/organisational structures and marketing approaches, flexibility, local responsiveness, as well as local dynamics and local appeal.

Hierdie studie is daarop gemik om ’n gepaste oorgrens-bankweseraamwerk vir mededingendheid in Oos-Afrika te ontwikkel. Met hierdie doel voor oë is die Kenya Commercial Bank as gevallestudie gekies, omdat dit die navorsers in staat gestel het om wêreldwye, multibinnelandse en transnasionale oorgrens-mededingendheidstrategieë te ondersoek. Die politieke en sosiokulturele omgewings is die moderatorveranderlikes vir die studie, terwyl doeltreffendheid, risikobestuur, leer en innovering die subveranderlikes van mededingingsvoordeel is. ’n Opeenvolgende gemengemetodes-benadering is gevolg – die kwantitatiewe benadering maak gebruik van ’n deursnee-opname-navorsingsontwerp as raamwerk, terwyl waarskynlikheid- en nie-waarskynlikheid-steekproefnemingstegnieke gebruik is om onderskeidelik kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe data in te samel. Geslote vrae én oop vrae is gebruik. Tydens die kwantitatiewe fase van die studie is 217 potensiële deelnemers genader en 168 het geantwoord. Die responsiekoers was dus 77 persent. Data is ontleed met behulp van SPSS-sagteware, wat deskriptiewe en inferensiële statistiek opgelewer het. Daarná is daar met behulp van regressie-ontleding ’n raamwerk vir oorgrens-bankwese ontwikkel. Tydens die kwalitatiewe fase van die navorsing is gebruik gemaak van ’n gevallestudie-ontwerp – onderhoude is gevoer met werknemers van Kenya Commercial Bank. Hiervoor is doelgerigte, gerieflikheids- en toenemende steekproefneming gebruik. Daarby is kwalitatiewe data verwerk en ontleed met behulp van MAXQDA-sagteware. Betroubaarheid en nougesetheid is bevorder deur die onderhoude te transkribeer en te hersien vir akkuraatheid. Die kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe data is daarná saamgevoeg met inagneming van die punte waarop die data ooreenstem en verskil. Uiteindelik het die studie bepaal dat die mees gepaste raamerk vir mededinging sou wees om multibinnelandse en globale strategieë te integreer en te modereer met inagneming van heersende politieke en sosiokulturele omgewings. Die elemente van wêreldwye konfigurasie sluit in sentralisering; standaardprosedures; ooreenstemmende beleide, organisasiestrukture en globale dinamiek; en globale aantrekkingskrag. Daarenteen sluit die noodsaaklike elemente vir ’n multibinnelandse strategie die volgende in: desentralisering; verskillende prosedures, beleide, organisasiestrukture en bemarkingsbenaderings; buigsaamheid; plaaslike responsiwiteit; plaaslike dinamiek; en plaaslike aantrekkingskrag

Maikaelelo a thutopatlisiso e ne e le go tlhama letlhomeso le le maleba la go ralala melelwane la kgaisano kwa Aforikabotlhaba. Go fitlhelela seno, go tlhophilwe Banka ya Kgwebo ya Kenya go sekasekwa, ka ntlha ya fa e ne e kgontsha tshekatsheko ya ditogamaano tsa kgaisano tsa selegae-bontsi le ditlamo tse di kgabaganyang ditšhaba le melelwane. Ditikologo tsa sepolotiki le loagosetso e nnile dipharologantsho tse di dirisitsweng mo thutopatlisisong, fa dipharologantshopotlana tsa tshiamelo ya kgaisano e nnile bokgoni, tsamaiso ya matshosetsi, go ithuta le go itlhamela. Go dirisitswe mokgwa o o tswakantsweng o o sekasekang data go tswa kwa tshimologong, fa mokgwa wa go lekanyetsa dipalopalo ka go dirisa thadiso ya patlisiso e e ralalang maphata e nnile letlhomeso, mme go dirisitswe thekeniki e bannileseabe ba kokoanngwang mo thulaganyong e e nayang batho botlhe ditshono tse di lekanang tsa go ka tlhophiwa le e e sa neyeng batho botlhe ditshono tse di lekanang tsa go ka tlhophiwa go kokoanya data e e ka kgonang go lekanyediwa le e e ka se keng ya kgona go lekanyediwa. Go dirisitswe dipotso tse di batlang karabo ya ee kgotsa nnyaa le tse di batlang tlhaloso. Legato la patlisiso le le akaretsang dipalopalo le tlhophile batho ba ba ka nnang le seabe ba le 217 mme ga amogelwa tsibogo ya ba le 168, se e leng tsibogo e e lekanang le diperesente tse 77. Go sekasekilwe data go dirisiwa serweboleta sa SPSS, se se tlametseng ka dipalopalo tse di tlhalosang le tse di lebisang kwa ditshwetsong. Morago ga moo go ne ga tlhamiwa letlhomeso la banka e e dirang go kgabaganya melelwane, go dirisiwa tshekatsheko e e lekanyetsang kamano ya dipharologantsho. Legato la go tlhaloganya mabaka la patlisiso le dirisitse mokgwa wa go lebelela rekoto ya setheo se se rileng, mme go botsoloditswe badiri ba Banka ya Kgwebo ya Kenya. Go fitlhelela seno, go dirisitswe mokgwa wa go tlhopha sampole ka go tlhopha, go dira gore bannileseabe ba ngoke bannileseabe ba isago le go tlhophiwa ga bannileseabe ba ba fa gaufi. Go tlaleletsa foo, data e e sa kgoneng go lekanyediwa e sekasekilwe ka tiriso ya serweboleta sa MAXQDA. Go okeditswe boikanyego le kelotlhoko ka go gatisa dipotsolotso le go di sekaseka gape go tlhomamisa nepagalo. Data e e kgonang go lekanyediwa le e e sa kgoneng go lekanyediwa di ne tsa kopanngwa, go lebeletswe dintlha tsa tsona tse di golaganang le tse di fapaaneng. Gape thutopatlisiso e lemogile gore letlhomeso le le maleba go gaisa la kgaisano ke gore go nne le togamaano ya go golaganya ditogamaano tsa selegae le tsa lefatshe, mme di sekasekiwe go etswe tlhoko tikologo e e gona ya sepolotiki le loagosetso. Dintlha tsa thulaganyo e e akaretsang di akareditse go tlisa ditirelo fa lefelong le le lengwe fela, ditsamaiso tse di tlwaelegileng, dipholisi tse di tshwanang, dipopegotheo tsa setheo, diphetogo mo lefatsheng mmogo le kgatlhego mo lefatsheng. Go farologana le seo, dintlha tsa botlhokwa tsa togamaano ya selegae-bontsi e akareditse go tlisa ditirelo fa lefelong le le lengwe fela, dithulaganyo/dipholisi/dipopegotheo tsa setheo tse di farologaneng le mekgwa ya papatso, go obega, tsibogo ya selegae, gammogo le diphetogo tsa selegae le kgatlhego ya selegae.