Department of Economicshttps://hdl.handle.net/10500/28862024-03-28T19:40:23Z2024-03-28T19:40:23ZThe effect of value-added tax on economic growth in South AfricaMoletsane, Tebello Sylviahttps://hdl.handle.net/10500/309512024-03-14T14:21:50Z2023-06-01T00:00:00ZThe effect of value-added tax on economic growth in South Africa
Moletsane, Tebello Sylvia
The study investigated the effect of value-added tax on economic growth in South Africa using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds tests approach for cointegration for the period 1991 to 2020. The results of the study showed that there was a long-run relationship between the variables when investment was used as the dependent variable. The results of the ECM showed that GDP growth had a significant and positive effect on investment, while VAT had a positive but non-significant effect on investment. The causality test results showed that GDP Granger-cause investment, and that a bi-directional causal relationship existed between VAT and investment. These results therefore prove that growth could be achieved in South Africa when government allocates the revenue raised through a well-designed value-added tax to productive expenditure, such as human capital, research and development and investing in infrastructure. In other words, the findings of the study confirms that VAT has the potential to impact economic growth when the increased revenue is allocated towards well-targeted investment. To mitigate the adverse effect of a VAT increase on the disadvantaged, this could be addressed by diverting the revenue back to the poor through increased spending on housing and health to reduce poverty and inequality.; Patlisiso e batlisitse sephetho sa lekgetho la boleng bo ekeditsweng ho kgolo ya moruo Afrika Borwa ka ho sebedisa mokgwa wa diteko tsa mellwane tsa Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bakeng sa kopanyo bakeng sa nako ya 1991 ho isa ho 2020. Diphetho tsa phuputso di bontshitse hore ho bile le nako e telele kamano pakeng tsa mefuta-futa ha matsete a ne a sebediswa e le phapang e itshetlehileng ka yona. Diphetho tsa ECM di bontshitse hore kgolo ya GDP e bile le phello e kgolo le e ntle ho tsetelo, ha VAT e na le phello e ntle empa e se ya bohlokwa ho tsetelong. Diphetho tsa diteko tsa causality di bontshitse hore matsete a GDP Granger-cause, le hore kamano ya mabaka a mabedi e teng dipakeng tsa VAT le matsete. Ka hona, diphetho tsena di paka hore kgolo e ka fihlellwa ka hara Afrika Borwa ha mmuso o abela lekeno le bokelletsweng ka lekgetho le hlophisitsweng hantle la boleng ba ditjeho tse hlahisang tlhahiso, tse kang bokgoni ba batho, dipatlisiso le ntshetsopele le matsete ho meralo ya motheo. Ka mantswe a mang, diphuputso tsa phuputso di tiisa hore VAT e na le bokgoni ba ho ama kgolo ya moruo ha lekeno le eketsehileng le abelwa matsete a rerilweng hantle. Ho bebofatsa phello e mpe ya keketseho ya VAT ho ba hlokisitsweng, sena se ka rarollwa ka ho kgutlisetsa lekeno ho ba futsanehileng ka ho eketseha ha tshebediso ya chelete matlong le bophelo bo botle ho fokotsa bofuma le ho se lekane.; Die studie het die effek van belasting op toegevoegde waarde op ekonomiese groei in Suid-Afrika ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van die Outoregressiewe Verspreide Lag (ARDL) grenstoetsbenadering vir koïntegrasie vir die tydperk 1991 tot 2020. Die resultate van die studie het getoon dat daar 'n langtermyn was verband tussen die veranderlikes wanneer belegging as die afhanklike veranderlike gebruik is. Die resultate van die ECM het getoon dat ekonomiese groei 'n beduidende en positiewe uitwerking op investering gehad het, terwyl belasting op toegevoegde waarde 'n positiewe maar nie-beduidende uitwerking op investering gehad het. Die oorsaaklikheidstoetsresultate het getoon dat ekonomiese groei Granger investering veroorsaak, en dat 'n tweerigting-oorsaaklike verband tussen belasting op toegevoegde waarde en investering bestaan het. Hierdie resultate bewys dus dat groei in Suid-Afrika behaal kan word wanneer die regering die inkomste wat verkry word deur 'n goed ontwerpte belasting op toegevoegde waarde toewys aan produktiewe uitgawes, soos menslike kapitaal, navorsing en ontwikkeling en investering in infrastruktuur. Met ander woorde, die bevindinge van die studie bevestig dat belasting op toegevoegde waarde die potensiaal het om ekonomiese groei te beïnvloed wanneer die verhoogde inkomste aan goedgerigte belegging toegewys word. Om die nadelige uitwerking van 'n belasting op toegevoegde waarde verhoging op die benadeeldes te versag, kan dit aangespreek word deur die inkomste na die armes terug te lei deur verhoogde besteding aan behuising en gesondheid om armoede en ongelykheid te verminder.
Includes summaries in Sesotho and Afrikaans
2023-06-01T00:00:00ZMacroeconomic determinants of domestic private investment : a comparative analysis of three Southern African countriesMaluleke, Glendahttps://hdl.handle.net/10500/307422024-01-24T14:54:44Z2022-11-01T00:00:00ZMacroeconomic determinants of domestic private investment : a comparative analysis of three Southern African countries
Maluleke, Glenda
The study examined the macroeconomic determinants of domestic private investment in South Africa, Botswana and Malawi for the period from 1980 to 2018, as well as the causal relationship between domestic private investment and its determinants. It also examined whether public investment crowds in or out private investment. Using the ARDL model (Model 1), the study found that public investment and domestic credit to the private sector are key determinants of domestic private investment in South Africa and Botswana. Economic growth is a determinant only in South Africa, while real interest rate is a determinant in Botswana and Malawi. Inflation is a determinant in South Africa and Malawi, while trade openness is a determinant of private investment in all the three countries. Using the NARDL model (Model 2a), the results showed that public investment has significant asymmetric effects on private investment in South Africa, Botswana and Malawi. Using the ARDL model, Model 2b and 2c of the study found that infrastructural public investment crowds in private investment in South Africa, in both the short- and long-run and it crowd out private investment in Botswana in the short-run. With non-infrastructural public investment, crowding out occurs in South Africa and Malawi in the long-run, while in the short-run, crowding out occurs in South Africa, and crowding in occurs in Botswana. In Model 3 there is bidirectional causality between i) private investment and public investment in all the three countries, (ii) private investment and trade openness in all the three countries, (iii) private investment and inflation in South Africa and Malawi, (iv) private investment and credit to the private sector in South Africa and Botswana, (v) private investment and interest rate in Malawi, and (vi) private investment and trade openness in South Africa and Malawi. The causality results also showed that that there is unidirectional causality from (i) economic growth to private investment in South Africa and from private investment to economic growth in Malawi, (ii) interest rate to private investment in Botswana and private investment to interest rate in South Africa, (iii) private investment to credit to the private sector in Malawi, and (iv) trade openness to private investment in Botswana. Based on the findings, policy-makers should pursue policies that will create a conducive environment that will promote private sector investment.; Ndzavisiso lowu wu kambele swikumisisi swa ikhonomikulu swa vuvekisi lebyi nga riki bya mfumo bya le tikweni eAfrika-Dzonga, Botswana na Malawi eka nkarhi wa 1980 kufika 2018, xikan'we na vuxaka lebyi nga na xivangelo exikarhi ka vuvekisi lebyi nga riki bya mfumo bya le tikweni na swikumisisi swa byona. Wu tlhele wu kambela loko vuvekisi bya mfumo byi ri na xitandzhaku xo hlengeleta kumbe xo hangalasa eka vuvekisi lebyi nga riki bya mfumo. Hi ku tirhisa modlolo wa ARDL (Modlolo wa 1), ndzavisiso lowu wu kume leswaku vuvekisi bya mfumo na xikweleti xa le tikweni eka sekitara leyi nga riki ya mfumo i swikumisisikulu swa vuvekisi lebyi nga riki bya mfumo bya le tikweni eAfrika-Dzonga na le Botswana. Ku kula ka ikhonomi i xikumisisi xa vuvekisi lebyi nga riki bya mfumo bya le tikweni ntsena eAfrika-Dzonga, naswona mpimo wa ntswalo wa xiviri i xikumisisi eBotswana na le Malawi. Inifulexini i xikumisisi xa vuvekisi lebyi nga riki bya mfumo bya le tikweni eAfrika-Dzonga na le Malawi, naswona mpfuleko wa mabindzu i xikumisisi eka matiko lamanharhu hinkwawo. Hi ku tirhisa modlolo wa NARDL (Modlolo wa 2a), mivuyelo leyi yi kombe leswaku vuvekisi bya mfumo byi na switandzhaku swa nkandzingano swo tivikana eka vuvekisi lebyi nga riki bya mfumo bya le tikweni eAfrika-Dzonga, eBotswana na le Malawi. Hi ku tirhisa modlolo wa ARDL, Modlolo wa 2b na 2c ku kumeke leswaku vuvekisi bya mfumo bya switirhisiwakulu byi hlengeleta vuvekisi lebyi nga riki bya mfumo eAfrika-Dzonga eka havumbirhi bya nkarhi wo koma na wo leha naswona byi hangalasa vuvekisi lebyi nga riki bya mfumo eBotswana eka nkarhi wo koma. Hi mayelana na vuvekisi bya mfumo eka leswi nga riki switirhisiwakulu, ku hangalasa swi humelela eAfrika-Dzonga na le Malawi eka nkarhi wo leha, naswona ku hangalasa swi humelela eAfrika-Dzonga, kasi ku hlengeleta swi humelela eBotswana eka nkarhi wo koma. Eka Modlolo wa 3, ku na xivangelo xa matlhelombirhi exikarhi ka (i) vuvekisi lebyi nga riki bya mfumo na vuvekisi bya mfumo eka matiko lamanharhu hinkwawo (ii) vuvekisi lebyi nga riki bya mfumo na mpfuleko wa mabindzu eka matiko lamanharhu hinkwawo, (iii) vuvekisi lebyi nga riki bya mfumo na inifulexini eAfrika-Dzonga na le Malawi, (iv) vuvekisi lebyi nga riki bya mfumo na xikweleti eka sekitara leyi nga riki ya mfumo eAfrika-Dzonga na le Botswana, (v) vuvekisi lebyi nga riki bya mfumo na mpimo wa ntswalo eMalawi, na (vi) vuvekisi lebyi nga riki bya mfumo na mpfuleko wa mabindzu eAfrika-Dzonga na le Malawi. Mivuyelo leyi nga na xivangelo yi tlhele yi komba leswaku ku na xivangelo lexi yaka etlhelo rin'we (i) kusuka eka ku kula ka ikhonomi kuya eka vuvekisi lebyi nga riki bya mfumo eAfrika-Dzonga na kusuka eka vuvekisi lebyi nga riki bya mfumo kuya eka ku kula ka ikhonomi eMalawi, (ii) kusuka eka mpimo wa ntswalo kuya eka vuvekisi lebyi nga riki bya mfumo eBotswana na kusuka eka vuvekisi lebyi nga riki bya mfumo kuya eka mpimo wa ntswalo eAfrika-Dzonga, (iii) kusuka eka vuvekisi lebyi nga riki bya mfumo kuya eka xikweleti eka sekitara leyi nga riki ya mfumo eMalawi, na (iv) kusuka eka mpfuleko wa mabindzu kuya eka vuvekisi lebyi nga riki bya mfumo eBotswana. Hi ku ya hi swikumiwa, vaendlatipholisi va fanele ku landza tipholisi leti ti nga ta tumbuluxa mbangu lowu wu nga ta kondletela vuvekisi bya sekitara leyi nga riki ya mfumo.; Nyakisiso ye e sekasekile dintlha tsa makheroikonomi tseo di huetsago dipeeletso tsa phoraebete ka Afrika Borwa, Botswana le Malawi mo lebakeng la 1980 go fihla ka 2018, gammogo le kamano magareng ga sya phoraebete ya dinaga le mabaka a dipeeletso. Nyakisiso e sekasekile gape ge e ba dipeeletso tsa mmuso di hlahlosa goba di phuhlamisa kelo ya tswala go dipeeletso tsa phoraebete. Ka go somisa mmotlolo wa ARDL (Mmotlolo wa 1), nyakisiso e hweditse gore peeletso ya mmuso le sekoloto sa naga go lekala la phoraebete ke dintlha tse di laolago dipeeletso sphoraebete ka Afrika Borwa le Botswana. Kgolo ya ikonomi e laola dipeeletso tsa phoraebete ka Afrika Borwa fela, gomme kelotswala ke laola ka Botswana le Malawi. Infleisene e laola dipeeletso tsa phoraebete ka Afrika Borwa le Malawi, gomme kgwebisano ya boditshabatshaba e a laola ka dinageng tse tharo ka moka. Ka go somisa mmotlolo wa NARDL (Mmotlolo wa 2a), dipoelo di laeditse gore peeletso ya mmuso e na le dipoelo tsa go se lekalekane go dipeeletso tsa phoraebete ka Afrika Borwa, Botswana le Malawi. Ka go somisa mmotlolo wa ARDL, Mmotlolo wa 2b le 2c nyakisiso e hweditse gore dipeeletso tsa mmuso tsa mananeokgoparara di hlahlosa kelo ya tswala go dipeeletso tsa phoraebete ka Afrika Borwa go nako ye kopana le ye telele gomme di phuhlamisa dipeeletso tsa phoraebete ka Botswana go nako ye kopana. Go dipeeletso tsa mmuso tseo e sego tsa mananeokgoparara, phuhlamo ya kelo ya tswala e ba gona ka Afrika Borwa le Malawi ka nako ye telele, gape phuhlamo ya kelo ya tswala e ba ka Afrika Borwa gomme hlahloso ya kelo ya tswala e ba ka Botswana ka nako ye kopana. Mo mmotlolong wa 3, go na le kamano magareng ga (i) peeletso ya phoraebete le peeletso ya mmuso go dinaga tse tharo ka moka, (ii) peeletso ya phoraebete le kgwebisano ya boditshabatshaba go dinaga tse tharo ka moka, (iii) peeletso ya phoraebete le infleisene ka Afrika Borwa le Malawi, (iv) peeletso ya phoraebete le sekoloto go lekala la phoraebete ka Afrika Borwa le Botswana, (v) peeletso ya phoraebete le kelotswala ka Malawi, le (vi) peeletso ya phoraebete le kgwebisano ya boditshabatshaba ka Afrika Borwa le Malawi. Dipoelo tsa kamano di laeditse gape gore go na le kamano ya tsela e tee (i) go tswa go kgolo ya ikonomi go ya go peeletso ya phoraebete ka Afrika Borwa le go tswa go peeletso ya phoraebete go ya go kgolo ya ikonomi ka Malawi, (ii) go tswa go kelotswala go ya go peeletso ya phoraebete ka Botswana le go tswa go peeletso ya phoraebete go ya go kelotswala ka Afrika Borwa, (iii) go tloga go peeletso ya phoraebete go ya go sekoloto go lekala la phoraebete ka Malawi, le (iv) go tswa go kgwebisano ye e bulegilego ya dinaga go ya go peeletso ya phoraebete ka Botswana. Go ya ka diphihlelelo, boramolao ba swanetse go tla ka melawana yeo e tlago hlola sebaka sa go hlohleletsa dipeeletso go makala a phoraebete
Abstracts in English, Tsonga and Sotho
2022-11-01T00:00:00ZAssessing the impact of regional trade agreements on export flows : a study of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) RTAsKangudia, Yannick Kapambuhttps://hdl.handle.net/10500/307392024-01-25T12:54:38Z2023-10-01T00:00:00ZAssessing the impact of regional trade agreements on export flows : a study of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) RTAs
Kangudia, Yannick Kapambu
Studies explaining international the impacts of regional trade agreements (RTAs) on trade flows in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are sparse. The available research indicates that inter-regional trade in SSA is limited because the countries in the region appear to have similar patterns of trade. The available literature is based largely on data that is at least 5 years old and although the impact of overlapping membership has recently been incorporated in the literature, there is need for more attention on the impact of overlapping membership of RTAs on trade amongst these countries, especially considering the ambiguity in the findings. This study adopts the gravity model to investigate the impact of RTAs in SSA on the exports of the RTA member countries. Using trade data of 42 SSA countries, this study applies panel data-estimation techniques, to explain the impact of RTAs on exports within the major RTAs in SSA. The study finds that membership to COMESA, EAC and ECOWAS blocs enhances the RTA exports. However, although membership to SADC enhances intra-regional exports, the relative contribution is less than that of the ECOWAS, COMESA and the EAC. This might be due to the dominance of South Africa within SADC, not only in regional trade, but also in other economic aspects such as manufacturing, transport and warehousing. In terms of the impact of overlapping membership, the overlap between EAC and COMESA enhances exports of the countries in the overlap, such as Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda than the overlap between SADC and COMESA. Tanzania has dual membership of SADC and EAC and is the only country to benefit because of this dual membership. Furthermore, the findings reveal that China has a favorable and considerable impact on exports of all SSA countries in the three RTAs.; Dithutopatlisiso tse di tlhalosang ditlamorago tsa boditšhabatšhaba tsa ditumelano tsa kgwebisano ya mo kgaolong (di-RTA) mo kelelong ya dithomeloteng le dithomelontle mo Dikgaolong tsa Aforika tse di mo Borwa jwa Sahara (SSA) di mmalwanyana fela. Tlhotlhomiso e e setseng e le teng e kaya gore kgwebisano ya mo kgaolong mo SSA e nnyane gonne dinaga tse di mo kgaolong di bonala di na le mekgwatiriso e e tshwanang ya kgwebisano. Dikwalo tse di leng teng di theilwe segolo thata mo deitheng ya sebaka sa bonnye dingwaga di le 5 mme le fa ditlamorago tsa gore naga e e rileng ke leloko la ditumelano di le mmalwa tsa kgwebisano ya mo kgaolong di sa tswa go akarediwa mo dikwalweng, go na le tlhokego ya go tsepamisa thata mo ditlamoragong tsa gore naga e e rileng e nne leloko la di-RTA di le mmalwa mo kgwebisanong ya fa gare ga dinaga tseno, segolo bogolo re akanyetsa bokaopedi jo bo tlhagelelang mo diphitlhelelong. Thutopatlisiso eno e dirisa sekao sa ponelopele ya seemo sa ikonomi ya dinaga tse di gwebisanang go ya ka selekano sa kgwebisano ya tsone go batlisisa ditlamorago tsa di-RTA mo SSA mo dithomelong-ntle tsa dinaga tse e leng maloko a RTA. Ka go dirisa deitha ya kgwebisano ya dinaga di le 34 tsa SSA, thutopatlisiso eno e dirisa mekgwatiriso ya go fopholetsa deitha e e kgobokantsweng ka go baya leitlho mo sampoleng e le nosi mo nakong e e rileng, go tlhalosa ditlamorago tsa di-RTA mo dithomelong-ntle tse di diregang mo di-RTA tse dikgolo mo SSA. Thutopatlisiso e fitlhelela gore dinaga tse di dirisanang mmogo tsa COMESA, EAC le ECOWAS di na le seabe se segolo mo dithomelong-ntle tsa kgaolo. Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa go nna leloko la SADC go oketsa dithomelontle tsa mo gare ga kgaolo, seabe sa papiso se ka fa tlase ga sa ECOWAS, COMESA le EAC. Seno e ka tswa e le ka ntlha ya maatla le tlhotlheletso ya Aforikaborwa mo SADC, e seng fela mo kgwebisanong ya mo kgaolong, mme gape mo dikarolwaneng tse dingwe tsa ikonomi tse di jaaka tlhagisokuno mo madirelong, dipalangwa le polokelo ya dikuno. Go nna leloko la di-RTA di le mmalwa fa gare ga EAC le COMESA go na le seabe se segolo mo dithomelong-ntle tsa dinaga tse e leng maloko a di-RTA di le mmalwa, tse di jaaka Kenya, Rwanda le Uganda go feta sa dinaga tse e leng maloko a di-RTA di le mmalwa fa gare ga SADC le COMESA. Ke Tanzania fela e e nang le botokololo-pedi jwa SADC le EAC mme naga e ikungwela mosola ka ntlha ya botokololo-ithutopatlisiso tse di tlhalosang ditlamorago tsa boditšhabatšhaba tsa ditumelano tsa kgwebisano ya mo kgaolong (di-RTA) mo kelelong ya dithomeloteng le dithomelontle mo Dikgaolong tsa Aforika tse di mo Borwa jwa Sahara (SSA) di mmalwanyana fela. Tlhotlhomiso e e setseng e le teng e kaya gore kgwebisano ya mo kgaolong mo SSA e nnyane gonne dinaga tse di mo kgaolong di bonala di na le mekgwatiriso e e tshwanang ya kgwebisano. Dikwalo tse di leng teng di theilwe segolo thata mo deitheng ya sebaka sa bonnye dingwaga di le 5 mme le fa ditlamorago tsa gore naga e e rileng ke leloko la ditumelano di le mmalwa tsa kgwebisano ya mo kgaolong di sa tswa go akarediwa mo dikwalweng, go na le tlhokego ya go tsepamisa thata mo ditlamoragong tsa gore naga e e rileng e nne leloko la di-RTA di le mmalwa mo kgwebisanong ya fa gare ga dinaga tseno, segolo bogolo re akanyetsa bokaopedi jo bo tlhagelelang mo diphitlhelelong. Thutopatlisiso eno e dirisa sekao sa ponelopele ya seemo sa ikonomi ya dinaga tse di gwebisanang go ya ka selekano sa kgwebisano ya tsone go batlisisa ditlamorago tsa di-RTA mo SSA mo dithomelong-ntle tsa dinaga tse e leng maloko a RTA. Ka go dirisa deitha ya kgwebisano ya dinaga di le 34 tsa SSA, thutopatlisiso eno e dirisa mekgwatiriso ya go fopholetsa deitha e e kgobokantsweng ka go baya leitlho mo sampoleng e le nosi mo nakong e e rileng, go tlhalosa ditlamorago tsa di-RTA mo dithomelong-ntle tse di diregang mo di-RTA tse dikgolo mo SSA. Thutopatlisiso e fitlhelela gore dinaga tse di dirisanang mmogo tsa COMESA, EAC le ECOWAS di na le seabe se segolo mo dithomelong-ntle tsa kgaolo. Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa go nna leloko la SADC go oketsa dithomelontle tsa mo gare ga kgaolo, seabe sa papiso se ka fa tlase ga sa ECOWAS, COMESA le EAC. Seno e ka tswa e le ka ntlha ya maatla le tlhotlheletso ya Aforikaborwa mo SADC, e seng fela mo kgwebisanong ya mo kgaolong, mme gape mo dikarolwaneng tse dingwe tsa ikonomi tse di jaaka tlhagisokuno mo madirelong, dipalangwa le polokelo ya dikuno. Go nna leloko la di-RTA di le mmalwa fa gare ga EAC le COMESA go na le seabe se segolo mo dithomelong-ntle tsa dinaga tse e leng maloko a di-RTA di le mmalwa, tse di jaaka Kenya, Rwanda le Uganda go feta sa dinaga tse e leng maloko a di-RTA di le mmalwa fa gare ga SADC le COMESA. Ke Tanzania fela e e nang le botokololo-pedi jwa SADC le EAC mme naga e ikungwela mosola ka ntlha ya botokololo-; Ucwaningo oluchaza amazwe ngamazwe umthelela wezivumelwano zohwebo zesifunda (ama-RTA) ekuhwebeni kweningizimu Sahara ye-Africa (SSA) luncane. Ucwaningo olutholakalayo lubonisa ukuthi ukuhwebelana phakathi kwezifunda ku-SSA kunqunyelwe ngoba amazwe akulesi sifunda abonakala enamaphethini afanayo okuhweba. Izincwadi ezitholakalayo zisekelwe kakhulu emininingwaneni okungenani eneminyaka emi-5 ubudala futhi nakuba umthelela wobulungu wokusebenzisana usanda kufakwa ezincwadini, kunesidingo sokunakwa okwengeziwe emtheleleni wokubambisana kobulungu be-RTA kwezohwebo phakathi kwalawa mazwe, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa ukungaqondakali kokutholakele. Lolu cwaningo lwamukela isifanekiso sokubikezela ukuze kuphenywe umthelela wama-RTA ku-SSA ekuthengisweni ngaphandle kwamazwe angamalungu e-RTA. Kusetshenziswa imininingwane yokuhweba yamazwe angama-34 e-SSA, lolu cwaningo lusebenzisa amasu wesampula yabahlanganyeli wokulinganisa imininingwane, ukuchaza umthelela wama-RTA ekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe ngaphakathi kwama-RTA amakhulu ku-SSA. Ucwaningo luthola ukuthi amaqembu anentshisekelo efanayo i-COMESA, EAC kanye ne-ECOWAS aneqhaza elikhulu ekuthunyelweni kwempahla kwamanye amazwe esifunda. Nokho, nakuba ubulungu be-SADC buthuthukisa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe ngaphakathi kwesifunda, umnikelo ohlobene ungaphansi kwalowo we-ECOWAS, COMESA kanye ne-EAC. Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokubusa kweNingizimu Afrika ngaphakathi kwe-SADC, hhayi kuphela ekuhwebeni kwesifunda, kodwa nakwezinye izici zomnotho ezifana nokukhiqiza, ezokuthutha kanye nokugcinwa kwempahla. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-EAC ne-COMESA kunomthelela omkhulu ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe emazweni asebenzisanayo, afana ne-Kenya, i-Rwanda ne-Uganda kunokusebenzisana phakathi kwe-SADC ne-COMESA. ITanzania kuphela enobulungu obukabili be-SADC ne-EAC futhi izwe liyazuza ngenxa yalobu bulungu obukabili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okutholakele kuveza ukuthi i-China inomthelela omuhle futhi omkhulu ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe kwawo wonke amazwe e-SSA kuma-RTA amane.
Abstracts in English, Sotho and Zulu
2023-10-01T00:00:00ZRural non-farm activities in South AfricaKgopolo, Coursetine Ogodisenghttps://hdl.handle.net/10500/305012023-09-28T07:46:38Z2023-03-01T00:00:00ZRural non-farm activities in South Africa
Kgopolo, Coursetine Ogodiseng
Rural poverty, underemployment and labour migration have continued to increase in
recent years, reinforcing the importance of non-farm economic activities for rural
households. Rural non-farm activities are an important source of employment and
income for poor and landless women and farmers. In the rural economies of most
developing countries, rural non-farm employment accounts for a significant share of
total employment. In addition, rural non-farm activities account about 35-50% of rural
incomes in developing countries. The main objective of the study is to examine the
salient features of the rural non-farm sector in South Africa in terms of geographical
locality, employment trends, gender, age and education characteristics therein, as well
as recommend appropriate policy options. The study focuses only on one aspect of
rural non-farm activities, namely, informal sector activities. The study is descriptive in
nature and uses data for the period 2008-2019. Informal activities (non-agricultural) in
South Africa grew by twelve per cent over an eleven year period. This demonstrates
the need for policy makers to use rural development to provide a platform for the
prosperity of the rural non-farm sector. Therefore, the promotion of these types of
enterprises will help increase rural employment and incomes.
2023-03-01T00:00:00Z