The Formative Years of the
University of South Africa
Library, 1946 to 1976
Mary-Lynn Suttie
_____________________________________
University of South Africa
Abstract
This article explores the early history of the University of South Africa
(Unisa) Library from its tentative roots in the 1940s to maturity in the
mid 1970s when South Africa was confronted by dramatic political
upheaval. It traces its growth and examines its strategies to achieve a
comprehensive information service for students studying by correspon-
dence. The peculiar modalities of such `distance education' led to
various innovations. For example, the Unisa Library pioneered
computerisation, a comprehensive subject librarian service and an
elaborate study collection organised through a number of branch
libraries. The intriguing political struggles of Unisa to maintain its
identity as a bilingual (Afrikaans±English) institution offering working
adults, both black and white, the chance to study part-time are also
analysed, and the rapid expansion of the Unisa Library's book, journal
and archival collections is discussed. Rapacious apartheid education
depended on, but also had to contend with, strong university leadership
under A.J.H. van der Walt, Samuel Pauw and Theo van Wijk. Unisa's
growing stature in the 1970s allowed its library to punch above its
weight in information circles. Its sponsorship by mainly Afrikaner big
business demonstrated close links with the white establishment, which
proved beneficial in transforming the Unisa Library into a premier
research facility by 1976.
Keywords: Universities, academic libraries, higher education, apartheid.
Introduction
Various university histories have been written in recent years in South Africa
as scholars have taken stock of their intellectual heritage and tried to situate
higher education in the context of knowledge production and the wider
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# Unisa Press ISSN 0027-2639 Mousaion 23 (1) 2005 pp. 97±118
political economy of the country (Murray 1997; Phillips 1993). Libraries also
boast a growing historiography. Irene Owens (2002), for instance, examines
the effects of protest movements on libraries in South Africa during the 1960s
and 1970s and Jacqueline Kalley (2000) describes public library services for
Africans in the Transvaal during apartheid. WHPA Tyrrell-Glynn (1983)
wrote a detailed history of the South African Library (now the National
Library in Cape Town) for his University of Stellenbosch DPhil degree. These
writings built on the foundations of R.F. Kennedy's (1970) classic history of
the Johannesburg Public Library. Academic libraries have received less
historical attention, except in relation to technological innovation, funding,
computerisation and professionalisation (Kesting 1970; Lessing 1970, &
1983; Shillinglaw 2003). Reuben Musiker's Aspects of Wits Library history
(1982), however, attempts a dedicated historical account and as a former
university librarian, his contribution to the profession produced a festschrift
that contains valuable essays on the development of university libraries
(Sherman, 1993). Another festschrift to Heinz Zastrau (Blom et al.,1987), the
first Unisa university librarian, also includes some essays on the wider
profession. Against this background, therefore, this article on the history of
the Library of the University of South Africa between 1946 and 1976 tries to
fill a lacuna in the history of information in the apartheid era.
Origins, 1946±1958
During the 1940s the University of South Africa (Unisa) was confronted with
a growing number of external African students who wanted a university
education and could not be accommodated at the South African Native
College. Through the efforts of the Dutch Reformed churches, the Pretoria
Kolege ya Bana ba Afrika was established in 1946 to supplement the work of
the Fort Hare Institution in co-operation with Unisa (Unisa 1946: 120±121;
Pretoria News 1946; Boucher 1974: 239). Facilities for African students were
poor and in many cases the costs of education were also high. Only study by
correspondence seemed affordable. But most of all, Unisa had the advantage
of offering segregated education under conservative white academic tutelage,
which accorded with the pragmatic agenda of higher education before the
aggressive nationalist reforms of the mid 1950s (Beale 1994:98±99).
From as early as 1936, however, debates had raged in the Senate of Unisa
about the status of external students who were mainly Africans. Mabel Palmer
of Natal advocated the establishment of a separate university correspondence
college, the introduction of vacation schools, itinerant tutors and the
recognition of approved colleges. It was at this point that a Pretoria State
Library loan service was mooted (Boucher 1974:240). Drawing on the
experience of the University of London's external study system, Unisa
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Mary-Lynn Suttie
expanded its library service through the State Library. By 1942 the huge
increase in non-collegiate enrolments put a strain on this newly introduced
facility which was unable to cope with the demand.
When Professor A.J.H. van der Walt, a historian at Potchefstroom University,
was appointed Director of External Studies in 1944, the stage was set for the
future development of Unisa, based on research he conducted on
correspondence study abroad. His view was that external study would
become popular in post-World War II South Africa, but his report and
subsequent higher-education legislation elicited criticism and even hostility.
Captain S.A. Chadwick was among the critics who singled out the State
Library's inadequate resources, thus provoking an angry response from the
librarian, M.M. Sterling (Boucher 1974:251).
The Higher Education Amendment Act was passed on 8 May 1946 and saw
Unisa take charge of correspondence education across the country, to the
disdain of private colleges which had vied for students since the 1930s. Unisa,
as a federal institution, was thus set on a new path that would ultimately lead
to the establishment of what J.R. Sullivan, Member of Parliament for Berea in
Durban, called `a great national university ± a people's university ± in South
Africa' (Hansard 1946; Boucher 1974:252).
In October 1946, van der Walt chaired the new enterprise, and began
expanding its limited library facilities with the help of the University of
Pretoria and the Transvaal Education Department, which were willing to
augment the earlier, perfunctory, State Library system (Unisa 1946a: 1;
Boucher 1974: 252, footnote 195). In 1948, when Unisa moved to its new
home at 222 Proes Street in Pretoria, the fledgling library found a temporary
home, even though the building was in a state of poor repair (Boucher
1973:236).
The most pressing problem facing the Division of External Studies was the
provision of adequate library facilities for students who lived far from Pretoria
and who, in the wake of war, faced a shortage of suitable books, especially
up-to-date textbooks. A loan library was set up on the basis of a grant which
allowed the purchase of nearly 10 000 books in its first year of operation.
External students were also permitted to use loan facilities in other libraries,
including the Johannesburg Public Library, the National Students' Library of
the Department of Union Education in Pretoria, as well as Denny's Student
Library in London, for those studying from abroad. The Department of
Education agreed to build the reference holdings of its library in Church
Square for use by external students. This venture was unsuccessful and it was
decided that the reference section should come under the direct control of the
Division of External Studies itself. This represented the first step in the
establishment of the Unisa Library as it is known today and the new
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The formative years of the University of South Africa Library, 1946 to 1976
comprehensive library service was properly operational by 1950, under the
supervision of the librarian, Heinz Zastrau (Boucher 1973:248).
As Boucher (1973:248±249, 272, 276) points out in the official history of
Unisa, annual grants for the purchase of books were rather meagre in the early
years, and the precarious financial position of the Division of External Studies
limited the growth of the library, and even placed Unisa in jeopardy as more
and more sceptics queried the viability of correspondence education. By the
early 1950s the library budget amounted to about £3 000, which resulted in a
deficit that had to be made up by donations. The French government donated
840 volumes in 1950. The library budget was divided among academic
departments on the basis of their size and special requirements in each field of
teaching and research. The allocations were often questioned by heads of
department, but the system was retained.
Related to the fortunes of the Unisa Library was the status of librarianship as a
discipline. At the end of van der Walt's term as principal, the Department of
Bibliography and Librarianship was inaugurated. The courses were offered by
the head of the Department of Philosophy, Dr H.J. de Vleeschawer, and the
Unisa Librarian, H.O.K. Zastrau. De Vleeschauwer, an ardent supporter of
national socialism, had been condemned to death by a Belgian military court
in 1946 for his collaboration with the Nazi occupation forces. He escaped to
Switzerland and emigrated to South Africa where he was appointed by Unisa
in 1951. Like many other Afrikaans universities at the time, Unisa was
publicly acknowledged as a volksuniversiteit (people's university) by
government officials (Dick 2002).
The library was expanding and boasted 45 000 items by 1953. Boucher (1973:
291) explains that in a comparison with the Merensky Library at the
University of Pretoria, the facilities of the Unisa Library were used more
extensively by staff and students. Staffing, however, remained a perennial
problem throughout the 1950s and 1960s. In 1953 Unisa moved to 263
Skinner Street in Pretoria and by 1955 the Division of External Studies
enjoyed better representation on the Senate of the university. The late 1950s
saw considerable expansion of the library's activities which anticipated the
move to the new building, also in Skinner Street, in 1959. The book stock had
grown to nearly 60 000, plus about 6 000 textbooks. Various private
collections were also donated during these years, including those of
prominent politicians.
Significantly, the library realised the need to focus on Africa and in 1958
began systematically to organise a special collection, segregated from other
literatures. This was in line with apartheid policy, which was concerned to
define South Africa's relations with the rest of the continent and to understand
contemporary developments to the `north of the Limpopo'. This concern with
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Mary-Lynn Suttie
a separate Africa library also became a feature of Unisa policy for the next
decade and provided particular ideological content to collections development
in the Verwoerd era. A.J.H. van der Walt was appointed in a temporary
capacity to oversee the expansion of the Africa section of the library for
research purposes. This would be undertaken in consultation with the Africa
Institute in Pretoria, and the Unisa Library would be represented by professors
S. Pauw, van der Walt and E.F. Potgieter, and Messrs B.F. van Rensburg and
H.O.K. Zastrau. An amount of £1 000 was voted by the executive
management (dagbestuur) for new acquisitions (Unisa Archives 1958).
Fledgling library, 1959±1962
The new library building was opened on 6 March 1959. This expansion meant
a growth in staff, especially temporary and part-time librarians, for which a
special salary fund was allocated. The staff had grown to 21 plus 5 temporary
librarians and five typists. A pattern of high staff turnover also emerged,
which became a feature of employment at Unisa up to the 1980s. The library
committee therefore regularly reviewed the personnel structure, the hierarchy
of posts and salary scales. In 1959 the approach was to recommend parity
with various academic ranks, so that the university librarian would be
remunerated at the same level as a professor, and the deputy on par with a
senior lecturer (Unisa Archives 1959).
By the end of 1960 the book stock in the Unisa Library had reached 80 799
monographs, apart from 6 000 textbooks and various other items, such as
official publications. The backlog in classification had taken its toll on the
staff who had worked solidly for more than two years to bring the catalogue
up to date. Re-cataloguing was not only laborious but also expensive because
it required professional experience and subject knowledge at an advanced
level. Salaries were not attractive in terms of these requirements, and even
though they had ± on average ± increased from £5 330 a year in 1954 to
£19 698 in 1959, they were not competitive enough to retain the skills of
experienced librarians. The university therefore allocated an additional
£3 000 to expedite the elimination of the classification backlog. The staffing
quota was set at 27 permanent librarians. Job reservation for whites during the
1960s permitted the change in status of blanke bodes (white messengers) to
permanent members of staff. A Standard 8 education assured them of
employment as photocopiers and technical assistants (Unisa Archives 1959).
A major initiative to introduce the Dewey system was pioneered by Mrs M.
Werth. She debated its merits with various subject specialists, especially in
areas related to African Studies, where it was felt that the Dewey system
lacked sophistication by not recognising apartheid constructions, such as
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The formative years of the University of South Africa Library, 1946 to 1976
Bantu Administration. The peculiarities of apartheid intellectual discourse had
somehow to be incorporated into the imported American classification rubric.
The Lending section of the library experienced a significant decline in student
requests for books in 1959 mainly because textbooks had become compulsory
for all courses and study guides began to look more and more like textbooks.
The racial breakdown of library usage is also suggestive: 660 black and 1225
white undergraduates had contact, while 41 black and 320 white
postgraduates requested books and journal articles. This translates to a mere
22 per cent of white undergraduates compared with 39 per cent of black
students, which indicates a relatively high level of black library use. The
annual report of the library (Unisa Archives 1959) explained this in terms of
poor incomes among black students, which required them to use library
textbooks. The effects of Bantu Education were not as pronounced in the late
1950s as they were to become under the more strenuously segregated system
of `separate development' in the 1960s, and the African elite of mission
schools still represented an intelligentsia that would have been aware of the
value of research in a library of higher education. The low numbers of black
postgraduate registrations at Unisa in 1959 ± evident in the library statistics ±
was, however, symptomatic of expanding white privilege.
The audio-visual library was officially opened in 1959 and the cataloguing of
records began. A donation from the British Council was used to fund the core
of the Diskoteek (audio-visual library), but more equipment, such as head-
phones, record players and loudspeakers, was required to make the collection
accessible. As the library expanded its information facilities, the German
Africana collection was extended by Dr A.O. Hesse from funds he had
canvassed; it became a mainstay of Unisa Library's Africana holdings,
bearing his name in later years (Unisa Archives 1959).
In line with the research focus on Africa, it was decided in 1960 that journals
relating to Africa would be made available by the Africa Institute to Unisa
Library users and subscriptions for such periodicals borne by the university
would in some cases be transferred to the Institute (Unisa Archives 1960a). A
strict division between South Africa and Africa was thus implemented in the
expansion of the Africa section. This did not, however, preclude academic
departments from ordering books on Africa for the Unisa Library. A principle
decision was made to order all relevant works on South Africa within the
constraints of the library's budget, thus defining its collections (Unisa
Archives 1960b).
The Sharpeville shootings of 1960 received no mention at all in any of the
Unisa Library documentation of that year, despite its huge political
significance for South Africa. The reason for this is not apparent from
minutes or reports, but since it did not have an immediate bearing on
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segregated higher education, the violence passed without comment, unlike the
Soweto uprising of 1976.
During 1961 the Unisa Library appointed some well-qualified librarians,
including a deputy university librarian, John Willemse, whose association
with the library was to become extremely important during the next 30 or so
years, and whose skills as a manager were demonstrated while Zastrau was on
leave. But there was a general lack of experience among those who were
appointed, which meant that the library also became a training institution for
information specialists. A staff manual was compiled to provide clear job
descriptions and guidance to new librarians. It represented a first attempt at
specialisation which marked an emerging sophistication in the workings of
the library. This was confirmed by the presence of 12 students of
Librarianship who completed the practical requirement of their degree course
in the Unisa Library (Unisa Archives 1961).
As the library grew in stature it also attracted more donations, mainly from
European, Australian and American agencies and embassies but also from
South African sources. Increasingly, private collections became part of the
library's holdings. A marked increase in the use of the journals also indicated
the gradual shift towards research that was beginning to take place at Unisa. A
project to index journal articles in various fields of research also got under
way and it was hoped that a comprehensive abstracting service would be
available at some future date. The journal collection grew by 134 titles and
Unisa's library science journal, Mousaion, published nine issues (Unisa
Archives 1961).
The annual report of the Unisa Library for 1962 recorded its greatest
development since inception, especially the strides made in the complete
classification of its holdings (Unisa Archives 1962). The classification
comprised an alphabetical author catalogue, a systematic, bilingual (Afri-
kaans±English) Dewey catalogue, which was due to be completed in 1963,
and a keyword and subject catalogue for the Africa collection (in English
only). The staff invested most of their time in this achievement, which meant
that acquisitions were fewer than in the previous years. Another major activity
was the compilation of bibliographies, which were regarded as an essential
research tool. In fact, more and more energy was expended in this area as the
Unisa Library moved towards a sophisticated subject reference system.
The library also had various publishing enterprises, apart from Mousaion.
These included a textbook and reprint series, mainly related to African topics,
such as language manuals and out-of-print Africana works, most notably R.H.
Massie, The native tribes of the Transvaal (London, 1905) and J.P. Verloren
van Themaat, Deelname van verskillende dele van die bevolking van die unie
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The formative years of the University of South Africa Library, 1946 to 1976
aan sy staatsregtelike instellings, which had originally appeared in the
Tydskrif vir Hedendaagse Romeins-Hollandse reg in 1960.
The limitations of the Dewey classification system were noted in respect of
Law and `Native Administration'. Two librarians were appointed to modify
the American system to accommodate the peculiarities of these ethnographic
academic fields. The general catalogue also drew on the resources of the
librarians who produced `the only and fullest bilingual catalogue (register) in
South Africa, and probably `the only one of its kind in the world' (Unisa
Archives 1962: 665). Zastrau regarded the composite catalogue as the most
effective instrument for unlocking the information resources of the Unisa
Library.
The annual report of 1962 also recorded the research and study activities of
the Unisa Library staff, mainly specialised diplomas or degrees in librarian-
ship, but also some study visits abroad and professional service on various
boards or committees nationally. Willemse's activities were particularly
impressive and H. van Broekhuizen contributed to T. E. W. Schumann, Die
abdikasie van die witman (Johannesburg: Afrikaanse Pers, 1962). More than
ever before, Unisa Library became `the laboratory for the student of
Librarianship' (Unisa Archives 1962: 669). But, as in previous years, the staff
turnover was high and experience was lacking; 75 per cent of the librarians
had less than two years' service.
As the activities of the library expanded and it celebrated its fifteenth
anniversary, a function in the Philadelphia Hall, Pretoria, on 21 November
1962 launched the Society of Friends of the Library. Its constitution was
encompassing and designed to link the Unisa Library with other libraries and
library associations. The library also undertook a comprehensive survey of the
strengths and weaknesses of its study and research materials in an attempt to
predict the most important needs in the next few years. Its findings were
presented to the principal in the hope that it would influence the new state
subsidy formula due to be implemented in 1964 (Unisa Archives 1962a).
Political intrusion; resolute growth,
1962±1967
Unisa was drawn into the whirl of nationalist politics that accompanied the
plan to allocate extra resources to the needs of Afrikaans-speaking students,
which led to the eventual establishment of the University of Port Elizabeth
(UPE) and Rand Afrikaans University (RAU) in the wake of strong lobbying
by the Broederbond. Early in 1962, Piet Meyer, later head of the
Broederbond, asked Senator Jan de Klerk, the Minister of Education, to
approve moving Unisa from Pretoria to Johannesburg and to expand its
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Mary-Lynn Suttie
functions to include both its distance education role and an Afrikaans
residential university. This, he argued, would suit the apartheid government as
it would avoid the establishment of a new university, but `fulfil the deeply felt
desires of the Rand's Afrikaners' (Randse Afrikaanse Universiteit 1968).
But in September 1962, Samuel Pauw, the Principal of Unisa, reminded de
Klerk that the council had taken a decision not to become involved in the
establishment of any new university for whites. He defended the pioneering
work that Unisa had undertaken on behalf of all working adults who sought a
university education (National Archives 1963:4). This clash between the
Pretoria and Johannesburg Broederbonders prompted de Klerk to send a team
of three secret investigators to the Transvaal to resolve the impasse. Unisa was
deemed to offer lectures in both Afrikaans and English, which was likely to be
attractive to the growing number of English speakers `opposed to the
liberalism of certain English universities' (National Archives 1962).
During 1963 Pauw remained implacably opposed to the scheme to move
Unisa to Johannesburg, so much so that the Unisa Council decided on a
highly visible denunciation of the government's plan. He argued that Unisa
had never striven to be a residential university and defended Unisa's bilingual
character. The Cabinet eventually rejected de Klerk's plan, the Broederbond
suffered a setback and the Rand Broederbonders had to re-group (National
Archives 1963:4). Such developments naturally impinged upon the workings
of Unisa as a whole, as rivalries sought expression in institutional control.
At the less contested library level, the book stock increased by 11 559 in
1963, which brought the total holdings to over 100 000. The library budget
doubled to R62 000. The audio-visual library also grew to 825 records. The
journal section added 87 new titles to its collection. A notable trend in the
early 1960s was the significant increase in lending over the counter as
opposed to postal requests, which remained fairly constant: in 1959 the
Lending section issued 6 322 books; in 1963 the number had more than
doubled to 14 716. Contact with the Russian National Library in Moscow and
the Leningrad Library resulted in the acquisition of 68 items on the Anglo-
Boer War of 1899±1902. The Bindery came into existence in 1963, and 2 808
books were bound during the year. The expanding services of the library also
led to the publication of the Library Information Bulletin, a circular designed
to inform staff and postgraduate students about the library's facilities,
holdings and new acquisitions. The reprint series also reproduced H.R.G.
Howman, African local government in British east and central Africa
(principles and practice), a well-known text (Unisa Archives 1963).
Despite the approval of 18 additional posts from April 1964, personnel
resources remained stretched because 13 staff resigned. Only by December
did the staff number 54, from 36 in March. The main difficulty was finding
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The formative years of the University of South Africa Library, 1946 to 1976
suitably qualified senior librarians. A major development was Zastrau's
appointment as head of the Department of Librarianship (1965±1967) and
University Librarian, and Willemse's promotion to Joint University Librarian
(Unisa Archives 1964).
In 1965 the Broederbond conflict to relocate Unisa to the Rand as an
Afrikaans institution took another turn, following a new set of demands from
the leadership in Johannesburg. These included one that required black
university colleges to take over responsibility for correspondence tuition on
an entirely segregated basis, so that Unisa's correspondence section would be
for whites only. In June 1965 heads of department at Unisa rejected these
demands by an overwhelming majority. The Sunday Times (1965) summed up
the government's dilemma as follows: `His [de Klerk's] trouble has been that
a decision would antagonise either the Broeders of Johannesburg or those of
Pretoria . . . on the merits of the case the Minister must give judgement
against Big Broeder and keep the University of South Africa in Pretoria.'
Finally, in August 1965 de Klerk announced that Unisa would stay in Pretoria
and that a new Afrikaans university would be opened on the Witwatersrand.
This episode suggests that it is too simplistic to view the relationship between
Unisa and the National Party government in purely ideological terms, as this
was a time when the size and capacities of universities were expanding
rapidly around the world. They were therefore much more able to defend their
own interests against the will of governments. The elite character of
universities was also changing: the expectation that students would leave
home to take up residence in a university was giving way to a model in which
students stayed at home or worked part-time, thus facilitating access for
poorer students. This constituency of students was crucial to the viability of
Unisa and its services had been designed to meet their needs (Beale 1998, ch
6).
The study collection (short loan) of the Unisa Library was established in
1965. It housed all the recommended books for assignments and resolved
many of the problems that had been experienced before. To enhance this
service, all undergraduates were sent a questionnaire testing their views. The
results were reviewed and interpreted by R. de Wet, the deputy university
librarian, and the head of the Acquisitions section, M.C. Boschoff, as part of
their respective Master's degree research. There was an appreciable increase
in undergraduate use of the library ± 25 per cent of those registered, up from
under 20 per cent in 1964. The Lending section also reported significant
increases in loans to staff ± up by 2 501, which meant a total of 43 573 issues
for the year (Unisa Archives 1965).
Lecturers benefited from a new system of journal circulation in individual
departments before the periodicals were placed on the shelves in the Library.
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Mary-Lynn Suttie
It was well received and only five departments did not avail themselves of this
privilege. The bequest to the Unisa Library of J.L. van Schaik's Africana
library represented a significant acquisition, since it filled many of the gaps in
the South African history, literature and art collections. Many other donations
also swelled the library's shelves; 1 473 volumes were acquired in this way.
Donations from foreign legations added to the official documentation in the
library. The result of a campaign to increase the circulation of Mededelings
van die Universiteit van Suid-Afrika (Bulletin of the University of South
Africa) had disappointing results; only 1 193 were sold, 341 more than in
1964. Mousaion fared better. Together with the textbook series, a total of
9 438 university publications were distributed, either through purchase,
exchange, review or free issue (Unisa Archives 1965).
The university's new subsidy formula in 1966 resulted in an increase in the
library's budget to R185 000. A record number of books were added to the
holdings, increasing the total to 180 752 books and 194 808 items. Eleven
temporary posts, instead of the eight of the previous year, added to the staff
contingent and despite some rotation among sections, senior staff remained
fairly constant. This allowed progress with a number of special tasks that had
been neglected before, such as the classification of Unisa theses which had
been received from the Department of Education, Arts and Science Library,
the modification of the Africa collection catalogue following the withdrawal
of the Africa Institute's books, and the refinement of policy relating to the
German±Africana collection (Unisa Archives 1966).
The establishment of library facilities for students in South West Africa
indicates the neo-colonial nature of the political relationship of former
German colony with South Africa. The Library of the South West Africa
Administration provided space and staff for 800 Unisa books, which were
shipped to Windhoek for the use of Unisa students. It also undertook to post
books to other parts of South West Africa. Such access to higher education
was to attract a sizeable number of students to Unisa from the region, despite
the small and rather fractured beginning in 1966 (Unisa Archives 1966).
Subject librarians were introduced to build bibliographical capacity for the
research needs of Master's and doctoral students and lecturers. This service
would be available from 1967. Subject librarians represented an `important
link between the library and the departments for whose disciplines they were
responsible, especially in respect of orders and sample books for review'
(Unisa Archives 1966:2). In future they would provide annotated biblio-
graphies in specialist fields, drawing on the resources not only of the Unisa
Library but also of other libraries in South Africa.
An important change in 1967 was the resignation of Heinz Zastrau as the
university librarian after 20 years' service. He was credited with transforming
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The formative years of the University of South Africa Library, 1946 to 1976
the Unisa Library from a textbook collection to one of the fastest-growing
libraries in the country (Blom et al., 1987). He and three other senior
librarians left Unisa to begin the library at the newly opened RAU in
Johannesburg. This was a severe blow to the Unisa Library. Professor S.I.
Malan was appointed as the new head of the Library, as well as head of the
Department of Librarianship, and John Willemse became the university
librarian. The connection between the academic department and the library
represented a profound change in the management structure.
The Africa collection was integrated into the general library stock, thus losing
its separate identity, and its own catalogue and budget. The growing study
collection led to plans for a branch library in Cape Town, in imitation of
developments in Windhoek. A manual on referencing technique was compiled
by P.J.A. Roux of the Department of Librarianship, which became a staple
guide to students of the university for years to come. Law students had
experienced problems in accessing older law reports. Through the good
services of Judge V. Hiemstra, the library of the Supreme Court
(Hooggeregshofbiblioteek) was opened to law students. A portable microfilm
reader was placed in the South±West African Administration Library to make
this material available to students in Windhoek. Microfilm collections were
also added to the Unisa holdings in Pretoria, including publications of the
Early English Text Society and various old journals, such as the Economist
from 1843 to 1912 (Unisa Archives 1967).
Years of consolidation and automation,
1968±1972
After the year-on-year growth of Unisa Library since 1964, 1968 proved a
year of consolidation. The budget increased incrementally rather than
dramatically. Consolidation meant reorganisation at one level, so the
classification section was renamed `Cataloguing and Classification'. The
Cataloguing section was confined to the technical maintenance of the
catalogue. Subject librarians were constituted as a separate section tasked
with liaising among staff, postgraduate students and the library. They were
therefore relieved of classification duties and given more responsibility for
collection development. The Lending section was divided into two:
Administration and the Study Collection, each with its own deputy head.
Similarly, the Acquisitions section was divided between Orders and
Administration, mainly around financial control and analysis. This all
represented a new managerial system that was designed to improve efficiency.
It also reflected a growing bureaucracy and hierarchies of power. Layers of
graded librarians emerged under the deputy university librarians, designed to
facilitate a proper promotions structure as an incentive to librarians to stay at
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Mary-Lynn Suttie
Unisa, in response to the huge turnover of staff since the early 1960s (Unisa
Archives 1968).
The new automated loan system was finally implemented in April 1968 after
extensive testing and refining, but despite all the modifications that had taken
place, problems abounded. Particularly irksome to some students were the
cascading demands for the return of library books ± each written in stronger
language than the previous one ± that filled their post boxes. The system also
required adjustment by the staff of the Lending section who found themselves
solely responsible for evening duty because they had been trained to use the
`punch machine' to issue books. A start was made with the automation of the
Study Collection catalogue in 1968, to bring it into line with the rest of the
library. The entire catalogue was codified and punched, and subject lists for
each course printed to serve as a guide for determining the number of
recommended books for 1969. Unisa had become the first computerised
university library in South Africa and remained a leader in this field until the
new millennium (Willemse 1988).
The library's holdings passed the quarter-million mark in 1968. Donations
continued to fill the stacks; Professor S.P.E. Boshoff presented 2 000 volumes
of his personal library to Unisa which included valuable older works. Santam
donated R1 000 to purchase material in the field of economics, especially
journals and microfilm. Special collections were placed under the head of the
Cataloguing section, who was given the brief to reorganise this mushrooming
part of the library (Unisa Archives 1968).
After the growth of the late 1960s, the Library had to tighten its belt in 1970.
Library management experienced a dramatic change in its structure following
the resignation of R. de Wet, who moved to the University of Natal in Durban
to head the Department of Librarianship, and S. I. Malan's decision to
uncouple the university librarian's post from that of the head of the Unisa
Department of Librarianship. A second deputy librarian's post was therefore
advertised to fill the leadership vacuum. This heralded a complete
reorganisation of the personnel structure of the Unisa Library which became
operational during the early 1970s. Generally, the library had experienced a
malaise as it entered its third decade, exacerbated by a net decline in resources
and usage (Unisa Archives 1971).
By 1972, the library had become a much more complex organisation, the staff
had increased and the sophistication of the services it offered had improved
enormously. This had also led to increased expectations among lecturers who
demanded greater access for students in a growing number of disciplines and
fields of research. The School of Business Leadership was beginning to flex
its muscles and demanded its own library. Although this was not possible at
the time, the subject librarian division was commissioned to provide a more
109
The formative years of the University of South Africa Library, 1946 to 1976
dedicated service to students enrolled for advanced business degrees (Unisa
Archives 1974).
The main preoccupation of 1972 was, however, the imminent move to the
new campus and the upheaval this presented, which was compounded by the
resignation of 44 of the 110 members of staff in the library. The university
librarian, John Willemse, ascribed this to the fact that most of the librarians
were women who resigned for domestic reasons. Staffing was particularly
difficult in specialised areas, including the Law Library, which struggled to
find an appropriately qualified head (Unisa Archives 1972).
The library also investigated the feasibility of providing students with
literature on microfiche during 1972, as its correspondence mode of
instruction matured into `teletuition' after other methodologies had been
introduced. The library was amenable to such innovation and often
participated in experimental teaching programmes. The microfiche pilot
project involved 333 students, of which 247 received 3 476 books on
microfiche. The experiment was therefore a qualified success. Its implemen-
tation for all registered students was very expensive and copyright proved an
unexpected problem (Unisa Archives 1972b). These obstacles notwithstand-
ing, the university set up a separate microfilm division as part of an aggressive
expansion of services the following year.
Developing a research library,
1973±1976
By 1973 the Unisa Library had developed a staff structure similar to other
administrative departments at the university ± very hierarchical in nature, with
each rank firmly linked to a salary scale and employment levels cascading
downwards from the director, deputy and assistant directors to middle-ranking
senior administrative officers to lowly assistants and African messengers on
the bottom rung (Unisa Archives 1973).
The new Sanlam Library on the Muckleneuk Campus presented a range of
challenges in terms of the arrangement of books, periodicals and other
materials on each of the floors; the incompatibility of architectural design and
practical library requirements was palpable. It was officially opened by the
Principal, Theo van Wijk, who told the audience that the Unisa Library was
special among university libraries; its growth had been unbridled and its
resources had come to rival those of much older libraries (Verwey 1988:47±
48). Sponsorship had been an important factor in the development of the
library and significant support had come from Afrikaner big business which
had had close links with Unisa since 1958 when Sanlam first became a major
110
Mary-Lynn Suttie
donor and which relationship was hugely strengthened in 1972 (Van Wijk
1980:123±126).
Unisa's Senate appointed an archives committee on 11 May 1973 to oversee
the inauguration of the library's proposed archive. This was given substance
by the centenary celebrations of the university (from its inception as the
University of the Cape of Good Hope) and the opening of the new campus
overlooking Pretoria. The prosperity of the institution was underscored by
plans to open a branch library in Durban and Windhoek in South-West Africa.
The library now also attracted high-calibre staff, who increasingly pursued
further studies to gain higher qualifications, served on professional bodies and
published academic articles. The head of the library's own profile grew as
Willemse presented more and more papers at a range of international
conferences often receiving funding to do so from the Human Sciences
Research Council (HSRC). The standing of Unisa Library improved and
careerist librarians competed for posts.
In tandem with the library's achievements, various new mechanised systems
were introduced to increase efficiency. In June 1973 a loan system came on
stream, combined with a smaller Burroughs computer programme for the
study collection. Various other cataloguing systems used by the Library of
Congress (US) and the British National Bibliography were considered in
order to thrust Unisa to the forefront of library practice; more and more
international models informed Unisa's development. In the Subject Reference
division, lecturing staff became the main beneficiaries as librarians provided
them with more research bibliographies than their students. Subject librarians
also tested their book selection practice against the opinions of reviewers in
Choice and British Book News as they advised departments of trends in their
particular disciplines. These measures formed the basis of a new, strict book
selection policy that was introduced in 1974 and probably accounted for
UNESCO's positive assessment of the Unisa Library's holdings. Increased
specialisation also created demand for a Science Library, similar to the Law
Library and in this sense, Unisa was also following trends in other academic
libraries (Unisa Archives 1973).
As South Africa's political landscape changed in the wake of student
activism, African trade unionism and strike action, as well as international
opposition to apartheid, so Unisa tried in the era of Theo van Wijk after 1972
to construct itself as an `open university'. The appointment of van Wijk itself
represented a setback to Broederbond control of the university when the
professor of librarianship and head of the department, S.I. Malan, lost the
Senate vote in favour of Van Wijk (Muller 1988:18). Unisa was to be open, in
the sense of providing higher education to black and white, but still conceived
in the narrow framework of Afrikaner nationalist ideology. Van Wijk
111
The formative years of the University of South Africa Library, 1946 to 1976
preached open access to university education, but within the boundaries of
segregation. Separate classes for black and white students were maintained,
lecturing staff were all white and predominantly Afrikaans speaking.
Moreover, meetings were conducted in Afrikaans and minutes were also
recorded in Afrikaans. Unisa had a positive image with government in the
1970s and its budgets grew as more and more state and parastatal money
supported its enterprise (Unisa Archives 1973).
South Africa's attempts to reduce its political isolation had since the late
1960s focussed on diplomatic ties with African countries. In 1974, therefore,
Unisa's Senate proposed the establishment of a Documentation Centre for
African Studies (Dokumentasiesentrum vir Afrikanistiek) to collect material
related to Tswana, Venda, Tsonga and Sotho literature, thus also drawing on
anthropological, historical, theological and legal scholarship. The intention
was to set up a complementary research agency to the HSRC's National
Documentation Centre for Language and Literature. Unisa was intent upon
imitating state-sponsored initiatives and building an acceptable research
capacity that could promote its reputation in fields that enjoyed government
approval (Unisa Archives 1975b).
Despite Van Wijk's attempts to construe the university in apolitical terms (Van
Wijk 1980:241±254), its projects betrayed its pro-government credentials.
The library, no less than the rest of the institution, proved amenable to
apartheid policy and built a formidable repository of archives, books and
journals within the political culture of the ruling party. In line with such
compliance, the library worked within the parameters of apartheid censorship,
notwithstanding John Willemse's application to the Minister of Justice for
permission to bypass censorship laws and add to the Unisa holdings of
banned publications in the interests of assembling a definitive collection. In
1948, 100 titles were banned by the new apartheid government; by 1971 this
number had grown dramatically to about 18 000 (McKerron, 2004:10; Dick,
2004:32). Banned material was placed under embargo in the Unisa Library
and the deputy director, Pieter de Jager, was in charge of the process of doing
the state's bidding (Switzer 1988) and later published a detailed manual on
banned publications (1984). The Unisa Library committee complained that it
was difficult to root out all banned items because there was `also certain
pretentious material which creates opportunities' for undermining the law. It
was therefore decided to police such publications by employing research
assistants to liaise with specialist scholars in identifying academic works that
covertly conveyed anti-apartheid ideas (Unisa Archives 1975a).
Unisa's policy was more compliant, for example, than that of the library of the
University of the Witwatersand (Wits), whose committee chair, Glyn Thomas,
canvassed government to indemnify universities against legal action arising
112
Mary-Lynn Suttie
from possession of banned books. The upshot was a system that allowed staff
and postgraduate students (who were classified as bona fide researchers in
terms of the law) access to cupboards and rooms of banned literature in the
Wits Library and at other liberal universities (Murray1997:165). The irony of
censorship policy at Unisa was that it had among its students many of the
emerging leaders of the liberation struggle who were in prison, exile or
underground politics at this time (Unisa Archives. Documentation Centre for
African Studies).
Unisa concluded an agreement with the United Party to curate its collection of
documents following talks between van Wijk and Sir de Villiers Graaff. This
archive was regarded as an important acquisition because party-political
collections were housed at other universities and attracted research by
historians and political scientists. Identification with formal political
processes in South Africa informed archival collection policy until the mid
1980s. No attempt was made to collect extra-parliamentary material and
students were encouraged to write theses in political history that constructed
the past in terms of white power (Unisa Archives 1975a).
The Unisa Library began to play a more and more prominent part in national
policy regarding information in the mid 1970s. Willemse, de Jager, H.F.G.
Neethling and Malan, as well as J.G. Kesting and R.B. Zaaiman served on a
commission of inquiry to investigate the role of academic libraries in the
provision of information to students in higher education. Although Unisa
performed well in terms of new book titles, its subscription to academic
journals was relatively austere ± about 4 000 titles out of about 26 000
prescribed in terms of international norms (Unisa Archives 1975). The
inauguration of the Inter-University Library Committee as a permanent
feature of the Committee of University Principals in 1975 gave Unisa's library
the chance to influence decisions in the field of information, especially since
Theo van Wijk chaired the committee between 1977 and 1984 (Willemse
1988:60).
The library experienced huge pressure on its resources in 1975; book issues
increased by 37 per cent and the stock grew by 58 461 items. The book
collection reached the 500 000 mark by early 1976 (Willemse 1988:56). The
archival collections also expanded significantly and collaboration between the
library and academic departments improved. Unisa participated in the inquiry
into machine-readable cataloguing (MARC) information in collaboration with
the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and other libraries
(Unisa Archives 1975).
The National Library Advisory Council supported the establishment of
special collections in narrow fields of academic specialisation, based on
national research priorities and beneficiaries of state funding (Unisa Archives
113
The formative years of the University of South Africa Library, 1946 to 1976
1976a). Part of the pragmatic widening of the outreach of Unisa Library after
the Soweto Uprising of June 1976 extended to the St Anthony's Cultural
Centre in Boksburg which was designed to service African students in
Anthropology, African Development Administration and Accounting, as well
as more popular subjects such as Economics, Education, History and English.
The St Anthony's project was coordinated by Gary Nader in the Study
Collection of the Unisa Library and was designed to address the more
aggressive demands of black students in their open rejection of inferior
apartheid education (Unisa Archives 1976).
Conclusion
The Unisa Library had fairly shaky beginnings as it tried to justify university
study by correspondence, a methodology that aroused suspicion among
academics, librarians and policy-makers in higher education in the 1940s and
1950s. It, nevertheless, managed to carve out a niche after World War II as ex-
servicemen sought to improve their qualifications in order to re-enter the
labour market. Moreover, an increasing number of African students chose to
work and study at the same time, which meant that as segregated education
became entrenched in the discourse of `separate development' in the early
1960s, Unisa gained a strong foothold in higher education. Its library became
an integral feature of the correspondence teaching model, which also
strengthened its profile and improved its resources.
As budgets grew, the library increased its holdings and its reputation
improved. The university's status remained intact as the political impulse to
change it into the RAU failed, and academic librarians began to view it as a
place of permanent employment that offered career potential. Unisa's
principals and university librarians fought to achieve recognition from
donors, businesses, academics and a wider public. Important relationships
were forged with government and the private sector. Unisa's Sanlam Library
was emblematic of its connection with big business and strategically
positioned it at the centre of an emerging `national university'.
Unisa's financial well-being allowed larger allocations to the library, thus
achieving unprecedented growth in the 1970s, as student enrolments
increased and it moved to its new impressive campus on Muckleneuk Ridge.
Unisa exploited its role as a South African university boasting a racially
mixed student body, and it was tolerated ± even approved in many quarters ±
by the apartheid government because it was not a residential university and
could therefore construct itself as `everyone's university'. It was convenient
for the apartheid state and the university managers to parade Unisa as a `non-
racial' national university. This ambivalent identity became a feature of
114
Mary-Lynn Suttie
Unisa's role in higher education, able to juggle compliance with a greater
openness ± conforming to the spirit of the law without having to adhere to its
letter. It diversified its staff, allowing some individualised dissent, but
discouraged views or actions that were likely to implicate the institution in
any direct challenge to government policy. The Unisa Library was able,
therefore, to provide services to a larger constituency of South African
students, irrespective of race, which in turn attracted a loyal following,
especially as student unrest exploded on the campuses of `Bantustan'
universities after 1976.
Acknowledgement
I acknowledge the generous and critical reading of this paper by Robert
Pearce, Marie
Â
Coetzee and Noel Shillinglaw. All mistakes and oversights are
my own.
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